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Lower Limb Muscles: Gluteal region (superficial group) Gluteus maximus Origin: 1. Iliac crest 2. Sacrum 3. Coccyx 4. Sacrotuberous ligament (off the inferior corner of the sacrum) and the fascia overing the gluteus medius Insertion: Iliotibial band/tract (can’t palpate) and gluteal tuberosity of the femur Function: (5) 1. Extension of thigh @ hip joint MAIN 2. Abduction of thigh @ hip joint (upper 1/3) 3. Adduction of thigh @ hip joint (lower 2/3) 4. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint MAIN 5. Helps lock knee in extension (IT band) Nerve: Inferior gluteal nerve Gluteus medius Origin: External surface of ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines Insertion: Lateral surface of greater trochanter of the femur Function: (5) 1. Abduction of thigh @ hip joint (entire muscle) MAIN 2. Flexion of thigh @ hip joint (anterior fibers) 3. Medial rotation of thigh @ hip joint (anterior fibers) 4. Extension of thigh @ hip joint (posterior fibers) 5. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint (posterior fibers) Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve Gluteus minimus Origin: Gluteal surface of ilium; between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines Insertion: Anterior surface of greater trochanter of the femur Function: (5) 1. Abduction of thigh @ hip joint (entire muscle) 2. Flexion of thigh @ hip joint (anterior fibers) 3. Medial rotation of thigh @ hip joint (anterior fibers) 4. Extension of thigh @ hip joint (posterior fibers) 5. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint (posterior fibers) Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve Tensor fascia lata/Tensor fasciae latae Origin: Anterior iliac crest Insertion: Tibia (Gerdy’s tubercle) via ITB (ITT) (1/3 of the way down the thigh) Function: (5) 1. Flexion of thigh @ hip joint 2. Abduction of thigh @ hip joint 3. Medial rotation of thigh @ hip joint 4. Lateral rotation of leg @ knee joint 5. Helps lock knee in extension (IT band) Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve Gluteal region (deep) Piriformis Origin: Anterior sacrum Insertion: Superior border of the greater trochanter of the femur Function: (2) 1. Horizontal abduction of thigh @ hip joint 2. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint (when hip is extended) MAIN Nerve: Nerve to piriformis (from sacral plexus) Superior gemellus Origin: Ischial spine Insertion: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur Function: (2) 1. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint 2. Horizontal abduction of thigh @ hip joint Nerve: Nerve to obturator internus (from sacral plexus) Obturator internus Origin: Inner surface of the obturator membrane Insertion: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur Function: (2) 1. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint 2. Horizontal abduction of thigh @ hip joint Nerve: Nerve to orburator internus (from sacral plexus) Inferior gemellus Origin: Ischial tuberosity (just below ischial spine) Insertion: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur Function: (2) 1. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint 2. Horizontal abduction of thigh @ hip join Nerve: Nerve to quadratus femoris (from sacral plexus) Quadratus femoris Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Quadrate tubercle of femur (just below trochanteric fossa) Function: (2) 1. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint 2. Adduction of thigh @ hip joint Nerve: Nerve to quadratus femoris (from sacral plexus) Obturator externus Origin: Outer surface of the obturator membrane Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of femur (just below greater trochanter) Function: (2) 1. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint 2. Adduction of thigh @ hip joint Nerve: Obturator nerve Posterior Compartment of Thigh Biceps femoris Origin: 1. Long head: Lateral ischial tuberosity 2. Short head: Linea aspera of the femur Insertion: Head of fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia Function: (3) 1. Flexion of leg @ knee joint (entire muscle) 2. Extension of thigh @ hip joint (long head) 3. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint (when knee is flexed) Nerve: Tibial nerve (long head) and common peroneal/fibular nerve (short head) Semitendinosus Origin: Medial ischial tuberosity Insertion: Proximal part of the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia “PAM” (forms pes anserine tendon) Function: (3) 1. Flexion of leg @ knee joint MAIN 2. Extension of thigh @ hip joint MAIN 3. Medial rotation of leg @ knee joint (when knee is flexed) (4. Posterior tilt of pelvis @ hip joint) Nerve: Tibial nerve Semimembranosus Origin: Medial ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial condyle of posterior tibia Function: (3) 1. Flexion of leg @ knee joint 2. Extension of thigh @ hip joint 3. Medial rotation of leg @ knee joint (when knee is flexed) Nerve: Tibial nerve Anterior Compartment of Thigh Sartorius Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) Insertion: Proximal part of the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia “PAM” (forms pes anserine tendon) Function: (5) 1. Flexion of thigh @ hip joint MAIN 2. Abduction of thigh @ hip joint MAIN 3. Lateral rotation of thigh @ hip joint MAIN 4. Flexion of leg @ knee joint 5. Medial rotation of leg @ knee joint Nerve: Femoral nerve Quadriceps Femoris Rectus femoris Origin: 1. Straight head: AIIS 2. Reflected head: Groove above the brim of acetabulum Insertion: Base of patella via the quadriceps tendon and then to tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament/tendon Function: (2) 1. Extension of leg @ knee joint 2. Flexion of thigh @ hip joint Nerve: Femoral nerve Vastus lateralis Origin: 1. Intertrochanteric line on the lateral side 2. Gluteal tuberosity AKA “lateral lip of the linea aspera” 3. Lateral lip of linea aspera Insertion: Lateral border of patella via the quadriceps tendon and then to tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament/tendon Function: (1) 1. Extension of leg @ knee joint Nerve: Femoral nerve