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Download AP Biology Vocabulary Lists by Chapter Unit 1 Chapter 22 Descent
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AP Biology Vocabulary Lists by Chapter Unit 1 Chapter 22 Descent with modification: a Darwinian view of life evolution fossil strata paleontology catastrophism uniformitarianism adaptation natural selection artificial selection homology homologous structures vestigial structures evolutionary tree convergent evolution analogous biogeography endemic Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the tree of life phylogeny systematic taxonomy binomial genus family phyla order class kingdom domain taxon phylogenetic tree branch points sister taxa rooted basal taxon polytomy analogy homoplasies molecular systematic cladistics clades monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic outgroup shared ancestral character ingroup parsimony shared derived character orthologous genes paralogous genes horizontal gene transfer neutral theory molecular clock microevolution genetic variation average heterozygosity geographic variation cline population gene pool Hardy-Weinberg Principle genetic drift Chapter 23 The evolution of populations founder effect bottleneck effect gene flow relative fitness directional selection disruptive selection stabilizing selection sexual selection sexual dimorphism intrasexual selection intersexual selection neutral variation frequency-dependent selection heterozygote advantage balancing selection speciation microevolution macroevolution species reproductive isolation hybrids prezygotic barriers postzygotic barriers allopatric speciation morphological species concept sympatric speciation polyploidy ecological species concept autopolyploidy allopolyploidy phylogenetic species concept hybrid zone reinforcement light microscope organelles electron microscope scanning electron microscope cell fractionation cytosol transmission electron microscope eukaryotic cell prokaryotic cell cytoplasm plasma membrane nucleus nuclear envelope nuclear lamina chromosomes chromatin nucleolus ribosomes endomembrane system vesicles endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum glycoproteins rough endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicles Golgi apparatus lysosome phagocytosis vacuole central vacuole food vacuole contractile vacuole mitochondria Chapter 24 The origin of species punctuated equilibria Unit 2 Chapter 6 A tour of the cell chloroplast endosymbiont theory cristae mitochondrial matrix thylakoid granum stroma plastid peroxisome cytoskeleton motor proteins microtubules centrosome centrioles flagella cilia basal body dyneins microfilaments actin cortex myosin pseudopodia cytoplasmic streaming intermediate filament cell wall primary cell wall lamella secondary cell wall extracellular matrix collagen proteoglycans fibronectin integrins plasmodesmata Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea peptidoglycan gram stain gram-positive gram-negative capsule fimbriae pili taxis nucleoid plasmid endospore transformation transduction conjugation F factor F plasmid R plasmid nitrogen fixation heterocyst biofilms extremophile extreme halophile extreme thermophile methanogen decomposer symbiosis host symbiont mutualism commensualism parasitism pathogen exotoxin endotoxin Chapter 7 Membrane structure and function selective permeability amphipathic fluid mosaic model integral proteins peripheral proteins glycolipid glycoprotein transport protein aquaporins diffusion concentration gradient passive transport tonicity isotonic hypertonic hypotonic osmoregulation turgid flaccid plasmolysis facilitated diffusion ion channels gated channels active transport sodium-potassium pump membrane potential electrochemical gradient electrogenic pump proton pump co transport exocytosis endocytosis ligand Chapter 2 The chemical context of life element compound essential element trace element atom neutron proton electron atomic nucleus dalton atomic number mass number atomic mass isotope radioactive isotope energy electron shells valence electron valence shell orbital chemical bond covalent bond molecule single bond double bond valence electronegativity nonpolar covalent bond chemical equilibrium ionic bond ion cation anion ionic compound salt hydrogen bond van der Waals interactions reactant product Chapter 3 Water and life polar molecule cohesion polar covalent bond adhesion surface tension kinetic energy heat temperature Celsius scale calorie kilocalorie joule heat of vaporization evaporative cooling specific heat solution solvent solute aqueous solution hydration shell hydrophilic colloid hydrophobic molecular mass mole molarity hydrogen ion hydronium ion hydroxide ion acid base pH buffer ocean acidification acid precipitation Chapter4 Carbon and the molecular diversity of life organic chemistry hydrocarbons isomers structural isomers cis-trans isomers enantiomers functional groups Chapter5 The structure and function of large biological molecules macromolecule polymer monomer dehydration reaction hydrolysis carbohydrate monosaccharide disaccharide glycosidic linkage polysaccharide starch glycogen cellulose chitin lipid fat fatty acid triacylglycerol saturated fatty acid unsaturated fatty acid trans fats phospholipid steroid cholesterol polypeptides protein amino acid peptide bond primary structure secondary structure helix β pleated sheet tertiary structure hydrophobic interaction disulfide bridge quarternary structure sickle-cell disease denaturation chaperonins X-ray crystallography DNA RNA polynucleotide gene nucleic acid nucleotide pyrimidine purine deoxyribose ribose double helix antiparallel Chapter 8 An introduction to metabolism metabolic pathway catabolic pathway anabolic pathway bioenergetics kinetic energy thermal energy potential energy chemical energy thermodynamics entropy spontaneous process free energy equilibrium exergonic reaction endergonic reaction energy coupling ATP activation energy phosphorylated intermediate enzyme catalyst enzyme-substrate complex substrate active site induced fit cofactor coenzyme competitive inhibitor noncompetitive inhibitor cooperativity allosteric regulation feedback inhibition Chapter 25 The history of life on Earth macroevolution protocell ribozyme radiometric dating half-life geologic record stromatolite serial endosymbiosis plate tectonics mass extinction adaptive radiation paedomorphosis homeotic gene Chapter 9 heterochrony Cellular respiration and fermentation fermentation aerobic respiration cellular respiration redox reactions oxidation reduction reducing agent oxidizing agent NAD+ electron transport chain citric acid cycle glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation beta oxidation acetyl-CoA cytochrome ATP synthase chemiosmosis proton-motive force alcoholic fermentation lactic acid fermentation obligate anaerobe facultative anaerobe photosynthesis autotrophs heterotrophs mesophyll stomata chlorophyll Calvin cycle NADP+ photophosphorylation carbon fixation wavelength electromagnetic spectrum visible light photons spectrophotometer absorption spectrum chlorophyll a action spectrum chlorophyll b carotenoids photosystem reaction-center complex light-harvesting complex primary electron acceptor photosystem II photosystem I linear electron flow cyclic electron flow G3P rubisco C3 plants photorespiration C4 plants bundle-sheath cell PEP carboxylase CAM plants local regulators hormones Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Photosynthesis Cell communication signal transduction pathway reception transduction response ligand protein kinase protein phosphatase second messenger cAMP adenylyl cyclase IP3 DAG scaffolding protein cell division cell cycle chromosome chromatin somatic cells sister chromatids genome centromere mitosis cytokinesis mitotic phase G1 telophase G2 S phase interphase prophase metaphase anaphase mitotic spindle centrosome aster kinetochore metaphase plate cleavage cleavage furrow prometaphase cell plate binary fission origin of replication cell cycle control system checkpoint G0 phase cyclin Cdks metastasis growth factor density-dependent inhibition anchorage dependence transformation benign tumor apoptosis Unit 3 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 The cell cycle malignant tumor Meiosis and sexual life cycles heredity variation genetics genes gametes locus asexual reproduction clone sexual reproduction karyotype homologous chromosomes sex chromosomes autosomes diploid cell haploid cell fertilization zygote meiosis alternation of generation meiosis I meiosis II synapsis crossing over chiasmata independent assortment recombinant chromosome random fertilization Chapter 21 Genomes and their evolution genomics bioinformatics linkage map human genome project physical map metagenomics gene annotation proteomics pseudogenes repetitive DNA transposable elements transposons retrotransposons simple sequence DNA short tandem repeat multigene families homeobox evo-devo character trait true-breeding hybridization P generation F1 generation allele F2 generation dominant recessive law of segregation Punnett square homozygous heterozygous phenotype genotype testcross monohybrids monohybrid cross dihybrid dihybrid cross law of independent assortment multiplication rule addition rule complete dominance incomplete dominance codominance Tay-Sachs disease pleiotrophy epistasis quantitative characters polygenic inheritance norm of reaction pedigree carriers cystic fibrosis Huntington’s disease amniocentesis CVS Chapter 14 Mendel and the gene idea Chapter 15 The chromosomal basis of inheritance chromosome theory of inheritance wild type sex-linked gene muscular dystrophy X-linked gene hemophilia linked genes Barr body parental types recombinants genetic map linkage map map units cytogenetic map nondisjunction aneuploidy monosomic trisomic polyploidy deletion duplication inversion translocation Down syndrome genomic imprinting Chapter 16 The molecular basis of inheritance DNA replication bacteriophage virus double helix antiparallel semiconservative model origin of replication replication fork helicase single-strand binding protein topoisomerase primer primase DNA polymerase leading strand lagging strand Okazaki fragments DNA ligase mismatch repair nuclease nucleotide excision repair telomeres telomerase nucleoid chromatin nucleosome histone heterochromatin euchromatin Chapter 17 From gene to protein gene expression transcription mRNA ribosomes primary transcript triplet code template strand codons reading frame RNA polymerase promoter terminator transcription unit start point transcription factor transcription initiation complex TATA box RNA processing 5’ cap poly-A tail RNA splicing introns exons spliceosome ribozymes domains alternative RNA splicing tRNA anticodon aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases wobble rRNA P site polyribosome A site E site signal peptide SRP mutation point mutation substitution silent mutation missense mutation insertion deletion frameshift mutation mutagen Chapter 20 Biotechnology recombinant DNA biotechnology genetic engineering plasmids gene cloning restriction enzyme restriction site restriction fragments sticky end cloning vector DNA ligase genomic library bacterial artificial chromosome cDNA cDNA library nucleic acid hybridization nucleic acid probe expression vector electroporation PCR gel electrophoresis RFLP Southern blotting Northern blotting RT-PCR in situ hybridization DNA microarray assays in vitro mutagenesis RNA interference genomic-wide association studies SNP totipotent stem cell pluripotent gene therapy transgenic genetic profile STR Ti plasmid genetically modified organisms Unit 4 Chapter 19 Viruses virus capsid viral envelope bacteriophage host range virulent phage lytic cycle restriction enzyme lysogenic cycle temperate phage prophage retrovirus reverse transcriptase HIV AIDS vaccine epidemic prions Chapter 52 An introduction to ecology and the biosphere ecology climate macroclimate microclimate abiotic biotic biomes climograph ecotone canopy disturbance tropical rain forest tropical dry forest desert savanna chaparral temperate grassland northern coniferous forest temperate broadleaf forest tundra photic zone aphotic zone pelagic zone abyssal zone benthic zone benthos detritus thermocline turnover oligotrophic lake eutrophic lake littoral zone limnetic zone wetland intertidal zone oceanic pelagic zone coral reef marine benthic zone neritic deep-sea hydrothermal vents dispersal Chapter 36 Resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants phyllotaxy mycorrhizae symplast water potential solute potential pressure potential protoplast turgor pressure flaccid plasmolysis turgid wilting aquaporins bulk flow endodermis xylem sap Casparian strip transpiration root pressure cohesion-tension hypothesis circadian rhythm ABA xerophytes translocation phloem sap sugar source sugar sink behavior behavioral ecology fixed action pattern sign stimulus signal communication pheromones innate behavior cross-fostering study twin study learning imprinting sensitive period spatial learning cognitive map associative learning cognition problem solving social learning culture foraging optimal foraging model promiscuous monogamous polygamous mate-choice copying game theory altruism inclusive fitness coefficient of relatedness kin selection Hamilton’s rule reciprocal altruism Chapter 51 Animal behavior sociobiology Chapter 39 Plant responses to internal and external signals etiolation de-etiolation second messengers tropism phototropism auxin expansions cytokinins apoptosis gibberellins brassinosteroids abscisic acid strigolactones ethylene triple response senescence photomorphogenesis action spectrum blue-light photoreceptors phytochromes circadian rhythm photoperiodism short-day plant long-day plant day-neutral plant vernalization florigen gravitropism statoliths thigmomorphogenesis thigmotropism action potentials abiotic biotic heat-shock proteins virulent avirulent gene-for-gene recognition hypersensitive response systemic acquired resistence salicyclic acid Chapter 43 The immune system immune system innate immunity adaptive immunity lysozyme phagocytosis TLR neutrophils macrophages dendritic cells natural killer cells interferons complement system inflammatory response histamine mast cells cytokines lymphocytes T cells thymus B cells antigen antigen receptor epitope heavy chains light chains antibody immunoglobulin major histocompatibility complex effector cells memory cells primary immune response secondary immune response clonal selection humoral immune response helper T cell cell-mediated immune response antigen-presenting cells cytotoxic T cells plasma cells active immunity passive immunity immunization vaccination monoclonal antibodies allergens autoimmune disease immunodefieciency HIV hormone endocrine system nervous system local regulators paracrine autocrine neurotransmitters neurohormones pheromes endocrine gland signal transduction epinephrine growth factors nitric oxide prostaglandins oxytocin pancreas negative feedback positive feedback insulin glucagon diabetes mellitus hypothalamus pituitary gland posterior pituitary anterior pituitary tropic hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prolactin thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) T3 melanocyte-stimulating hormone follicle-stimulating hormone growth hormone luteinizing hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone parathyroid glands parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitonin norepinephrine catecholamines adrenal glands corticosteroids glucocorticoids mineralcorticoids androgens testosterone estrogens estradiol progestins progesterone pineal gland melatonin nerve net reflexes central canal ventricles cerebrospinal fluid gray matter white matter glial cells motor system autonomic nervous system sympathetic division parasympathetic division Chapter 45 Chapter 49 The Endocrine System Nervous system enteric division cerebrum cerebellum diencephalon brainstem reticular formation biological clock suprachiasmatic nucleus amygdale lateralization neural plasticity short-term memory long-term memory long-term potentiation schizophrenia major depressive disorder bipolar disorder Alzheimer’s disease population density dispersion mark-recapture method immigration emigration territoriality demography life table cohort survivorship curve reproductive table zero population growth carrying capacity exponential population growth logistic population growth life history semelparity iteroparity K-selection r-selection density independent density dependent competition predation population dynamics metapopulation demographic transition age structure infant mortality life expectancy ecological footprint Parkinson’s disease Chapter 53 Chapter 54 Population ecology Community ecology community interspecific interactions interspecific competition competitive exclusion resource partitioning character displacement cryptic coloration aposematic coloration Batesian mimicry herbivory Mϋllerian mimicry symbiosis parasitism parasite host endoparasite ectoparasite mutualism commensalism facilitation species diversity species richness relative abundance Shannon diversity invasive species trophic structure food web energetic hypothesis biomass dynamic stability hypothesis dominant species keystone species ecosystem engineer bottom-up model top-down model biomanipulation disturbance nonequilibrium model intermediate disturbance hypothesis ecological succession primary succession secondary succession evapotranspiration species-area curve pathogen Chapter 55 Ecosystems and restoration ecology ecosystem law conservation mass primary producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers detritivores decomposers detritus primary production GPP NPP net ecosystem production limiting nutrient eutrophication secondary production production efficiency trophic efficiency turnover time biogeochemical cycles water cycle carbon cycle nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle bioremediation biological augmentation Chapter 40 Basic principles of animal form and function anatomy physiology interstitial fluid tissues organ system epithelium connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue hormones regulator conformer homeostasis set point stimulus response negative feedback positive feedback circadian rhythm acclimatization thermoregulation endothermic ectothermic integumentary system countercurrent exchange hypothalamus bioenergetics metabolic rate BMR SMR torpor hibernation Chapter 56 Conservation biology and global change conservation biology endangered species threatened species biodiversity introduced species overharvesting minimum viable population movement corridor biodiversity hot spot zoned reserve critical load biological magnification greenhouse effect assisted migration sustainable development
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