Download Greece PowerPoint - Troup County Schools

Greco-Roman Society
• Standard: Examine the political,
philosophical, and cultural interaction of
Classical Mediterranean societies from
700 BCE to 400 CE.
• Essential Question: How did Classical
Mediterranean societies interact politically,
philosophical, and culturally from 700 BCE
to 400 CE?
Greece
Rome
You are Here
Ancient Greece
• Element: Compare the origins and
structure of the Greek polis, the Roman
Republic, and the Roman Empire.
• Vocabulary: Greek Polis
Greece
• made up of two
parts:
– mainland
– hundreds of
small islands
Geography
• important geographic influences
– mountains
– seas
Geography
• mountain ranges
separated the
small,
independent
Greek
communities
• caused them to
develop different
ways of life
Geography
• presence of a long
seacoast with bays,
inlets, and harbors
• encouraged sea trade
Geography
Why Trade?
• did not have good land for farming
• rocky soil (compare to New England in
America)
Aegean
Civilizations
3000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.
• Mycenaeans
• Minoans
Minoan Civilization
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earliest known Greek culture
3000-1450 BCE
competed with Phoenicians
Traded goods
– painted pottery they produced
– Swords
– Figurines
– vessels of precious metals
Minoan
Civilization
• Exported art and culture
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–
–
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unique architecture
burial customs
religious ritual
Known as great artisans with their pottery
• Bull Leapers
• developed a written language Linear A
– resembled Egyptian Hieroglyphics
• Conquered by Mycenaeans
Mycenaean Civilization
• Fierce warriors that spread there culture through
conquest around the Aegean Sea
– Set up kingdoms in those areas
– Also became wealthy from sea trade
Mycenaean civilization
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“Bronze Age”
named for the fortified site at Mycenae
flourished between 1600 and 1100 B.C.
high point was 1400–1200 B.C.
powerful monarchs lived in fortified
palaces built on hills and surrounded by
stone walls
Mycenaean Civilization
• military adventures recorded
–hundreds of years later
–Homer’s epic poems
• the Iliad and Odyssey
• Trojan War
Trojan War
• fought between the
Mycenaeans and the
people of Troy
• myth or reallity
• Achilles led the
Mycenaean invasion
against the Trojans
led by Prince Hector
• stalemate for 10
years
Trojan War
• ends with the Trojan
Horse
– Mycenaean's hide
inside
– Horse brought into
Troy
– Mycenaeans burn
Troy down
– Mycenaeans win
Mycenaean Civilization
• collapsed around 1100 B.C.
• conquered by the Dorian Civilization
• entered into a Dark Age
Dark Ages
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•
under the Dorians
population declined
less food
economy collapsed
few records remain from this period
lasted from 1100 to 750 B.C.
Homer
• a blind poet
• began a story
telling tradition
• at the end of the
“Dark Age”
Homer
• major works of epic poems:
–Iliad and Odyssey
• story of the kings of Troy and
Mycenae, the Trojan War, and
several Greek heroes
Iliad and Odyssey
• regarded as history
• became a way to teach Greek culture to
Greek children
• Myth: traditional story that explains why
the world is the way it is
Homer
• established the epic
– Heroic story told in the form of a long poem
• gave the Greeks an ideal past peopled
with heroes
• Generations of Greek males used these
poems as models of heroism and honor
Greek Heroes
Clockwise from left:
Achilles, Jason, Hercules,
Perseus, and Odysseus
Development of the Polis
• Element: Compare the origins and
structure of the Greek polis, the Roman
Republic, and the Roman Empire.
• Vocabulary: Greek Polis
City-State evolves
Polis:
• Greek City-State
• included a city and the
surrounding land and
villages
• Usually located on a hill
Acropolis:
• fortified area on top of a
hill
• Below acropolis was
agora: an open area
where people could meet
Acropolis of Athens
Theocracy
Etymology
• Theos = god
• Kratos = power
Meaning
• a religious body with
political power (god is the
ruler)
Monarchy
Etymology
• Monos = alone
• Arkhein = to rule
Meaning
• Rule of one
Oligarchy
Etymology
• Oligos= few
• Arkhein = to rule
Meaning
• Rule of a few
Democracy
Etymology
Meaning
• Demos = common people • Power to the People (rule
of many)
• Kratos = power
The Polis: Distinct CityStates…
• People felt strong
ties/loyalty to their
city-state
• bitter rivalries
between city-states
• led to continuous
fighting
• lead to Greece’s
down fall
Sparta
Description:
• Military Society
• the largest and most
sophisticated army in
known world
Sparta
Significance:
• Army governed life
– trained in military
– started at age 7
– marry at 20 but live in
barracks
– retire at 60
– 53 years of service
Sparta
Role of women:
• produce healthy
children
• did not perform many
domestic tasks
• were trained in
athletic events to
keep healthy
• could own property
Athens
Description:
• ruled by a king
• seventh century B.C. ruled by an oligarchy
• economic problems led to farmers sold into slavery
for nonpayment of their debts to aristocrats
Athens
Description:
• aristocrats gave power to Solon in 594
B.C.
– favored reform
– canceled debts but did not give land to the
poor
• aristocrats in power and the poor unable to
obtain land
Athens
• Athens had the
world’s first
democracy
• Democracy: type
of government in
which all citizens
take part in the
day to day running
of the government
Path to Democracy
Cleisthenes:
• Began a limited
democracy in Greece
• Created the Council
of 500
– Group of 500 male
citizens who made
laws
Cleisthenes
PERICLES
• Expanded democracy
in Athens
• Athens became a direct
democracy
– All male citizens became
members of the
government
– Women and slaves were
excluded
Direct Democracy
• Every male citizen had the
right to attend the Assembly
• There they participated in
the decision making process
and voted on all government
issues
• Athenians practiced
ostracism*
*a person could be banished from the
city for 10 years with 6,000 votes from
the government!
Athenian Women
• Take care of home
• Raise the children
• Seldom allowed in
public
• No formal education
• Could not own
property
The Persian Wars: Overview
Despite their
cultural ties, the
Greek city-states
were often in
conflict with one
another.
The threat of the
powerful Persian
empire united the
Greek city-states.
The Persian Wars: Overview
United, the city-states
defeated the Persians
and ended the threat of
Persian invasions.
Persian prisoners
Persian Wars:
The Outcome!
Results
•Athens increases
its status among
the city-states.
•Athens enters into
a Golden Age
•Athens formed the
Delian League: an
alliance of Greek
city-states with
them in charge
•Sparta is upset!
The Peloponnesian War:
The Alliance System Fails!
The Peloponnesian War: CAUSES
1. Many Greeks outside of
Athens resented
Athenian domination.
2. Sparta formed the
Peloponnesian League
to rival the Delian
League.
3. Sparta and Athens
rivaling for
supremacy…
A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!
• During the war a plague
(disease) sweeps through
Athens
• Plague destroys 1/3 of
Athenian population
• Kills many Athenians
including Pericles
• This allows Sparta to win the
war!!!!!!!!!
The Peloponnesian War: Effects
1. All the Greek city- states
divided and in chaos!
2. Defeated democracy in
Greece
3. Greece would eventually
would be taken over by
Macedonia to the north
Greek Culture
• Element: Describe polytheism in the
Greek and Roman world and the origins
and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman
world.
• Vocabulary: polytheism
Greek Religion
• Polytheistic – worship of many gods
• Greek stories or myths developed about their gods
Greek Mythology
• Mythology – the family of Greek gods and
goddesses that ruled on Mount Olympus
– Zeus - chief god
– Hades - god of the underworld
– Apollo - god of light (sun god)
– Athena - goddess of wisdom
Greek Gods
Left Top: Athena
Above: Zeus
Right Top: Hades
Right Bottom: Apollo
Olympics
• First held in 776
BC
• Held to honor
Zeus
• Athletes came
from all over the
world to compete
• Individual events
rather than team
• Women were not
allowed
Sports from the first Olympics in
776 BCE
Clockwise starting on the left: Wrestling, Horse
back riding, Chariot racing, Boxing, Discus,
Jumping, and Running
Center: Javelin
Key Figures
• Element: Identify the ideas and impact of
important individuals; include Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle and describe the
diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s
pupil Alexander the Great and the impact
of Julius and Augustus Caesar.
• Vocabulary: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle,
Alexander the Great
Greek Philosophers
• “love of wisdom”
• refers to an organized system of rational
thought
• early Greek philosophers concerned with
the nature of the universe
• three of the greatest philosophers of the
Western world
– Socrates
– Plato
– Aristotle
Socrates
• developed the
Socratic Method
– a question-andanswer format to
lead pupils to
understand things
for themselves
– based on the belief
that knowledge is
already present
within each of us
Socrates
• “the unexamined life is
not worth living”
– the belief in the
individual’s ability to
reason
– important contribution
of Greek thought
• killed for “corrupting
the youth”
Plato
• one of Socrates’ students
• considered to be the
greatest Western
philosopher
• The Republic: explained
Plato’s views on
government
• believed that people could
not achieve a good life
unless they lived in a just
and rational state
Plato
• ideal state has three
groups—rulers, warriors,
and commoners
– led by a philosopher-king
– men and women would have
the same education and
equal access to all positions
• established a school in
Athens called the Academy
Aristotle
• Plato’s most
important pupil
• studied at the
academy for 20 years
• wide-range of
interests
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ethics & logic
Politics
Poetry
astronomy, geology,
biology, & physics
Aristotle
• found three forms of
government: monarchy,
aristocracy, and
constitutional
government(preferred)
• Lyceum
Macedonia
• North of Greece
• viewed by the Greeks
as barbarians
• Philip II became king
of Macedonia in 359
B.C.
Unification of Greece
• Macedonia defeated Greece at the Battle
of Chaeronea in 338 B.C.
• Greek city-states united in a league under
Macedonian control
• Philip was assassinated
Alexander the Great
• Philip’s son
• student of Aristotle
• became king of
Macedonia at age 20
• put down idea of
Greek rebellion by
destroying the city of
Thebes
• began his quest to
take over the Persian
Empire
Alexander’s Conquest
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334 B.C. began invasion of the Persian Empire
331 B.C. conquered all of the Persian Empire
327 B.C. moved through modern Pakistan into India
323 B.C. Alexander died after his return to Babylon
at 32 years old
Alexander’s Legacy
• Created an empire that stretched across three
continents and over 200,000 miles
• Cultural Diffusion = the rise of the Hellenistic
Culture
• After Alexander’s death, his Empire fell apart
Hellenism
• Element: Analyze the contributions of
Hellenistic and Roman culture; include
law, gender, and science.
• Vocabulary: Hellenistic culture
Hellenistic Culture
Description:
• created by Alexander
• blend of Greek and Persian cultures
• Greek language, architecture, literature, and art
spread throughout Southwest Asia, Central Asia
and parts of North Africa
• Greeks absorbed aspects of Eastern culture
Hellenistic Culture
Impact:
• Four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged:
Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egypt
• all eventually conquered by the Romans
• Alexandria, home to scholars of many
different kinds
Hellenistic Culture
• Founding and rebuilding cities created
opportunities for Greek architects and
sculptors in the Hellenistic kingdoms
• thousands of statues were erected
sculptors moved away from
classical ideals and created
more emotional and realistic art
The Library of Alexandria in
Egypt
The ancient library possibly destroyed in A.
D. 642
The rebuilt library today
Hellenistic Achievements
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Astronomy
Geometry
Technology
Philosophy
Art
Astronomy
• Astronomers used an observatory to view
the stars and planets.
• Developed a new concept that believed
the sun was larger than the earth
Geometry
• Euclid was a Greek mathematician and
pioneer in geometry.
• Euclid’s Elements became the most
important
– still basis of geometry
Technology
• Archimedes was a Greek scientist,
inventor, and mathematician
• created the pulley
• created the Archimedes screw that
brought water from a lower level to a
higher one
Philosophy
• Stoics: philosophers who said people
should live a moral life to keep them in
harmony with natural laws
• Epicureans: philosophers who said people
could rely only on what they learned
through their five senses
Art
• Change sculptures from the Greek style of
perfect forms to a more realistic and
emotional Hellenistic influence
• Ex. Colossus of Rhodes