Download ______-- the use of sound waves to determine the distance to an

__________-- the use of sound waves to determine the distance to an object on the ocean floor.
Salinity- The total amount of ________ salts in a sample of water, about __________% of Ocean is
salt. The most abundant salt in the water is __________-- Chloride (table salt).
Salinity Varies:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Near surface of Ocean, rain, snow and melting ice add fresh water lowering salinity.
Near ___________- of large rivers fresh water lowers salinity.
In hot climates evaporation increases salinity because more water _______________.
Near the poles surface water freezes into ice leaving salt…increases salinity.
Ocean Water Temperature: Temperature at the surface of the ocean varies with location and
seasons. The __________ you go in the ocean the colder and denser the water becomes and pressure
_______________-
7. OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY
Waves are the movement of _____ through a body of water. Waves are most often caused by ______ Wave size
depends on the strength of the wind, the length of time it blows and distance over time the wind blows. Near shore,
wave height increases and wavelength decreases. A__________ is a large wave caused by an earthquake. Waves
cause beach erosion, barrier islands, sand dunes and groins help prevent beach erosion. Tides-daily rise and
__________ of the Earth’s waters on its coastline; caused by the interaction of Earth, the ________ and the sun; two
high tides and ________ low tides each day. Spring tides occur when the earth, moon and sun are in a __________
line at new moon and________ moons; greatest difference between high and low tides causes higher high tides AND
neap tides occur when the earth, moon and sun are at __________angles at first and third quarter moons; least
difference between high and low tide. Currents are large streams of moving water that flows through the oceans.
There are two types of currents: ________ currents take place on the surface and driven mainly by winds. Surface
current warms or cools the air above it, influencing the _________of the land near the coast.
Deep currents are caused by a difference in the
_______ of the ocean water. Cold, salty water
sinks. Surface currents carry warm water toward
the poles and deep currents carry cold water
from the poles toward the equator. The
_______effect is the effect of the Earth’s rotation
on the directions of the winds and currents. The
largest and most powerful surface current in the
North Atlantic Ocean is the ______ Stream. El
Nino is an abnormal climate event that occurs
every two to seven years in the Pacific Ocean.
8.WAVES, CURRENTS, & TIDES
Composition of the Atmopshere - 78% ___________, 21% ____________, 1% other gases, water vapor and particles.
Air Pressure – the result of the weight of a column of air pushing down on an area, air pressure can change - as you increase in altitude away
from the surface of the Earth – air pressure ____________-.
Layers of the Atmosphere: based on a change in temperature.
a. _____________ – live here, weather occurs, most of the mass, as increase altitude – decrease temp.
b. Stratosphere – contains the____________ layer – (protects from ultraviolet rays) temperature increases.
c. _________ – coldest layer, protects from meteoroids.
d. Thermosphere – outer most layer divided into ____________-and exosphere, gets very hot.
Energy from the sun – travels to the Earth as electromagnetic waves.
a. __________ – direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves – radiate energy from the sun.
b. __________ – transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid, air or water.
c. Conduction – direct transfer of heat from one substance to another by touching.
About 50% of sun’s energy is either reflected back into space or absorbed by the atmosphere. The rest reaches the Earth’s surface and heats
the land and water. Some is radiated back.
______________ Effect - gases in the atmosphere hold heat in the air, this keeps Earth warm.
Wind – moving air caused by the differences in air pressure. Wind blows from areas of______ pressure to areas of_______ pressure, the greater
the difference the stronger the wind.
___________ Winds – short distance and caused by the unequal heating of the Earth’s surface in a small area.
a. _______ breeze-during the day, land heats faster than water
b. ____________ breeze-at night, land cools faster than water
______________ Winds – blow from specific directions over long distances and have a set pattern. Follow a curved pattern due to the Coriolis
effect because of the Earth’s rotation.
The major global wind belts are the trade winds, the polar _______, and the prevailing westerlies.
Calm areas – where winds do not blow steadily are the doldrums ad the horse latitudes.
__________ Stream – bands of high speed winds above the Earth’s surface.
9. ATMOSPHERE
Clouds- form when water vapor in the air _________ on a solid particle to form liquid water or ice crystals
-you need water vapor condensing because of a temperature change and tiny particles so water has a surface
-___________Point- the temperature at which condensation begins
Types: Scientists classify clouds based on their shape and their altitude
1. ________Clouds- wispy, feathery clouds located at high altitudes, are made of ice crystals
2. _________ Clouds- fluffy, rounded piles of cotton, form close to the ground, if not very tall, they indicate fair weather.
*____________clouds produce thunderstorms. (nimbus= rain).
3. __________ Clouds- clouds that form in flat layers. Strato means “spread out” They are uniform and are gray in color.
________stratus clouds produce drizzle, rain or snow. __________ is clouds that form on/near the ground.
Air Masses: huge body of air that has similar temperature, humidity, and air pressure at any given height
Tropical= ________
Polar=______ Maritime= Forms over ______ (Humid) Continental= forms over______ (Dry)
Fronts: boundary where two air masses meet. Storms and changeable weather often develop along fronts
1. ______front- cold air moves in, under warm air, pushing warm air up rapidly, abrupt changes (thunderstorms)
2. _________ front- fast moving warm air overtakes a slowly moving cold mass. May be rainy or cloudy for many days
3. ________ front- cold and warm air masses meet but neither one can overtake the other. If it is stalled out over an area, it
may bring many days of clouds and precipitation
4. _________ front- warm air mass is caught between two cooler air masses anwarm air is cut off from the ground weather
may cloudy with rain or snow
Storms- violent disturbance in the atmosphere
1. Thunderstorms- form in large ___________- clouds, produces lightning and thunder
2. Tornadoes- rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped clouds that reach down from a cumulonimbus cloud. Tornado_________ is
referred to as a weather pattern in the middle of the United States.
3. Hurricanes- tropical cyclone that has winds of 119 kilometers per hour or greater, begins over ________ocean water
___________-calm part in the middle of the hurricane, rain bands of strong rain radiating out from the center
Strom surge- “dome” of water that sweeps across the coast where the hurricane lands
You should remember the safety rules for all types of storms. Keep away from ______during a tornado-basement, bathroom,
or central located room.
10. WEATHER
11. THE WATER CYCLE
Ptolemy believed in a ___________ system, where Earth is in the center and the solar system revolved around it.
Copernicus explained that the sun was actually in the center and the Earth revolves around it, or a
____________system. ______________ provided evidence for a heliocentric system by observing that Venus goes
through phases similar to our moon.
The ______Planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and _______. They are all small with rocky surfaces. The Outer
Planets include Jupiter, Saturn, ___________, and Neptune. The _________ belt lies between the two regions,
directly between Mars and Jupiter. Kepler further explained that he planets orbit in ___________.
The big ________ theory states that the universe formed 10-15 billion years ago in a massive explosion. Our Solar
System formed from a mass of dust and gas-nebular theory. We are located in the _________ Galaxy, on one of the
spiral arms, about two-thirds of the way from the center.
Meteoroids are chunks of rock found in space. Once it enters Earth’s atmosphere it is called a _______; and if it
collides with Earth’s surface it is called a ________. Comets are chunks of dirt and ice that orbit the sun in long,
narrow ellipses. Asteroids are large pieces of rock that orbit the sun, mostly found between Mars and Jupiter.
KNOW THE PHASES OF THE MOON!
Waxing = __________/ Waning = shrinking
New moon – waxing crescent – _________ quarter –
waxing gibbous – _______ – waning gibbous – 3rd
quarter – _________ crescent – new moon
12. ASTRONOMY
Water _________ – continuous process that moves water from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back
Three major steps:
1. Evaporation – liquid water changes to a gas called water_______ in the atmosphere
a. From plants and trees – _______________
b. From lakes
c. From oceans
2. ______________ – water vapor rises it cools and condenses back into liquid water
a. Cloud formation – condensed droplets of water clump together around tiny dust particles
3. Precipitation – water falling back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet or________
a. Fall back to earth and becomes surface ________ – runs into rivers and streams
b. Seeps into the ground by infiltration to become groundwater
97% ________water
3% fresh water – ice and glaciers, underground, surface (lakes, streams, rivers), atmosphere
____________– streams and smaller rivers that flow into larger rivers and eventually to the ocean
Different types of rock and soil have different – sized spaces between particles
Sand or gravel have large pores and allow water to pass through or permeate-__________
Clay and granite have few or no pores and water cannot pass through easily – impermeable
_______________-any underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water
People can obtain groundwater from an aquifer by drilling a well below the water table
People use fresh water for household purposes, industry, transportation, agriculture and recreation
Conservation- practice of using less of a resource so it will not be used up
Water pollution-addition of any substance that has a negative effect on water or the living things that depend on
the water.
Pollutants- substances that cause water pollution
13. WATER ON EARTH
Earth moves through space in two ways:
A. ____________ - the spinning of the Earth on its axis.
- axis - the imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and North and South Poles
- Rotation causes day and night – it takes _________ hours to complete one rotation.
B. ____________ – the movement of one object around another.
- one complete revolution of the Earth takes 365.25 or 365 ¼ days = _________ year.
- orbit - the path an object takes as it around another object in space.
- Earth orbits the Sun in an ellipse (slightly elongated or oval shaped path).
Seasons: Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted at _______ as it revolves around the Sun. The hemisphere
that is tilted towards the Sun is experiencing _________.
- Four (4) seasons: spring, summer, _________, winter.
Summer in the Northern Hemisphere begins on June 21st , which is the summer _________ (when the sun is
directly overhead at 23.5N latitude)
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere begins on __________-, which is the winter solstice (when the sun is
directly overhead at 23.5S latitude)
Spring in the Northern Hemisphere begins around March 20th, which is the ______ equinox (when the sun is
directly over the equator).
Fall in the Northern Hemisphere begins around ___________, which is the autumnal equinox (when the sun
is directly over the equator.
Lunar Eclipse: Earth passes directly between the sun and the moon. Occurs at a ______moon.
Solar Eclipse: the moon passes directly between Earth and the sun. Occurs at a ________moon.
14. EARTH IN SPACE