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WEATHER FACTORS Chapter 2 REVIEW ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES - 36 Form of energy that can move through the vacuum of space Classified according to wavelength or the distance between waves RADIATION - 36 direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves VISIBLE LIGHT - 37 Color of rainbow – red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet Different colors are the result of different wavelengths Red and orange light have the longest wavelengths Blue and violet have the shortest wavelength INFRARED RADIATION – 37 Wavelengths that are longer than red light Not visible but can be felt as heat ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION - 37 Non- visible radiation Invisible form of energy with wavelengths that are shorter than violet light can cause sunburn and eye damage OZONE - 38 absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun SCATTERING – 38 dust particles and gases in the atmosphere reflect light in all directions makes daytime sky look blue GREENHOUSE EFFECT – 39 natural process by which gases hold heat in the air keep Earth’s atmosphere at a temperature that is comfortable for most living things TEMPERATURE – 43 Average amount of energy of motion of each particle of a substance THERMAL ENERGY - 43 Total energy of motion in the particles of a substance THERMOMETER - 43 Air temperature is measured TEMPERATURE SCALES - 43 Celsius o freezing point of pure water – 0 degrees Celsius o boiling point of pure water – 100 degrees Celsius Fahrenheit o Freezing point of pure water – 32 degrees Fahrenheit o Boiling point of pure water – 212 degrees Fahrenheit HEAT IS TRANSFERRED - 44 Radiation Conduction Convection CONDUCTION - 44 The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching Works well in some solids such as metals, but not as well in liquids and gases Air and water do not conduct heat very well CONVECTION - 44 The transfer of heat by the movement of fluid ( liquids or gases) Within the troposphere heat is transferred by convection HEATING THE TROPOSPHERE When air near the ground is heated, it particles move more rapidly. As a result, they bump into each other and move farther apart. The air becomes less dense. Cooler, denser air sinks toward the surface, forcing the warmer air to rise. CONVECTION CURRENTS - 44 Upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air Move heat throughout the troposphere WIND – 47 Horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure Caused by differences in air pressure Wind speed is measured by an anemometer LOCAL WINDS – 48 Winds that blow over a short distance Caused by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area SEA BREEZE Local wind that blows from an ocean or lake The air over the land becomes warmer than the air over water. The warm air expands and rises, creating a low-pressure area. Cool air blows inland from over the water and moves underneath the warm air. LAND BREEZE At night. Land cools more quickly than water, so the air over the land becomes cooler than air over the water. As warmer air over the water expands and rises, cooler air from the land moves beneath it The flow of air from land to a body of water GLOBAL WINDS Winds that blow steady from specific directions over long distances Created by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface Global winds occur over large areas CORIOLIS EFFECT The way Earth’s rotation makes winds curve Global winds in Northern Hemisphere gradually turn toward the right Global winds in Southern Hemisphere curve toward the left MAJOR GLOBAL WIND BELTS Trade winds Polar easterlies Prevailing westerlies DOLDRUMS Regions near the equator with little or no wind CLOUD FORMATION Water vapor in the air condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR CONDENSATION Cooling of the air Presence of particles in the air 3 MAIN TYPES OF CLOUDS Based on shape Cirrus clouds – wispy, feathery cloud – high level Cumulus clouds – fluffy, rounded piles of cotton Stratus clouds – form in flat layers PRECIPITATION Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface