Download 28. What causes waves - Summer Science Safari

Fall Semester Review (2006-2007)
(Safety, Topographic Maps, Chapters 1, 6, 7, 9.1, and 19-23)
Also study Directed Reading, Quizzes, Worksheets, and On-line Textbook
On-level: This is worth 10 questions on your semester exam
I. Chapter 1 Safety, Scientific Method, and Measurement
1. **Study the safety rules**
2. How should you dress for lab time?
Closed toed shoes, long sleeves, pants, and no bagging clothing or dangling jewelry. Eye
protection should be worn at all times.
3. A substance has a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 5 grams. What is the density of this object? Will this
object sink or float in water?
Density = Mass ÷ Volume 10g/5g = 2 g/ccm It will sink.
16. If an object has a density greater than 1 g / ml, it will sink in water; if an object has a density less than 1 g/ml, it will
float
4. What is the basic unit of measure for: a.volume
Volume: Liter or Milliliters (L or ml)
Temperature °C or K
b.mass
c.temperature
d.length
Mass is grams or kilograms (g or km)
Length is meters.
5. What piece of equipment would you use to measure each of the above?
Liquid Volume in a graduated cylinder. Solid Volume LXWXH
Mass with a balance
Temperature with a thermometer.
Length with a meter stick.
6. Be able to identify the independent and dependent variables of an experiment.
7. Be able to use the Scientific Method and process skills to answer questions about various experiments.
II. Chapter 6 Temperature and Heat
8. Name the three ways that heat is transferred. Give an example of each
Convections: Transfer of thermal energy by the movement of liquid or gas.
Conduction: Transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another through direct contact.
Radiation: Transfer of thermal energy through matter or space as electromagnetic waves.
9. Describe the energy involved in the three states of matter. What is needed to change matter from one state
to another?
Solid – particles vibrate in fixed positions do not move fast enough to overcome the attraction
of the particles.
Liquid –Particles move fast enough to overcome some attraction to slide past one another.
Gas – particles move fast enough to overcome nearly all of the attraction thus they are far
apart and move independently.
10. For each changes of state:
a. describe what happens kinetic energy as a substance changes from one state to another.
b. describe energy as either being added or removed
11. Why do 2 objects feel like they have different temperatures even though they are they same temperature?
12. What are we measuring when we determine the amount of heat that a certain substance can absorb?
III. Topographic Maps - Earth Science Book Ch 3 Section 3
13. Know how to interpret a topographic map. ( Refer to the topo worksheets)
VIII. Chapter 7 - Waves
14. How does the density of the material affect the speed of the waves?
15. Be able to identify the parts of a transverse and longitudinal wave.
Crest – highest part of a wave
Trough – lowest part of a wave
Wavelength – length of a wave; usually measured from crest to crest or trough to trough
Height of wave – vertical distance from the highest to the lowest point of a wave
16. Which waves require a medium and which do not require a medium?
17. How do waves travel through different kinds of media?
18. Describe the four properties of waves.
19. How are each of the above affected by increasing or decreasing energy?
20. Describe and give an example of the four types of wave interactions.
IV.Ch 19 Fluids in Motion
21. Describe how fluids flow and exert pressure.
Fluids flow from high pressure to low pressure
Fluids exert pressure evenly in all direction .
22. Describe how pressure increases or decreases as depth/height increases and decreases.
As depth increases, pressure increases. The amount of fluid present does not have any bearing on pressure; pressure is
dependent on the depth of the fluid ( lake has more water than a pool, but does not exert more pressure because it has
more water....if you are in water 10 feet in your pool and 5 feet in a lake, you will experience more pressure at 10 ft than at
5 ft )
23. How does pressure relate to buoyant force?
24. How does differences in pressure help us breath?
V. Ch 20 Oceanography
25. How do oceans and ocean currents impact our weather?
Warm currents ( on east side of continents) provide a warmer climate; cold currents ( west side of cont) provide cooler
climate; closer to the ocean the more moderate the climate; currents help to stabilize the climate ; can help cause El Nino
26. Describe three types of currents.
Surface currents – located at the surface of the ocean; caused by global winds and Coriolis effect
Deep currents – located deep in ocean ; caused by differences in salinity, temperature and density of ocean water
Shoreline currents – occur along the shoreline – include rip currents -
27. What causes each type of current?
Surface currents – located at the surface of the ocean; caused by global winds and Coriolis effect
Deep currents – located deep in ocean ; caused by differences in salinity, temperature and density of ocean water
28. What causes waves ?
winds; wind energy is transferred from air to the water
29. What is salinity?
Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in water..
30. Describe the different types of tides and their causes.
Spring tide – higher than normal high tides ( so the low tides are lower than normal); caused by the combined gravitational
pull of the moon and sun...occurs at new and full moon
Neap tide – lower than normal high tides ( so the low tides are higher than normal); caused when the gravitational forces
of the moon and the sun “conflict” with each other ...occurs during first and last quarter phases
31 Be able to label the different phases of the lunar cycle.
32. How is the density of ocean water affected by temperature and salinity?
33. How does Coriolis Effect affect the movement of winds and currents?
Caused winds and current to move in a curved path.....in Northern Hemisphere, they move clockwise....in Southern
hemisphere,t hey move counterclockwise
VI.Ch 21 Atmosphere and Weather – Also study the Climate Worksheet
34. What drives weather and the water cycle?
Our sun provides the energy which causes weather to occur...weather occurs due to the unequal heating of the earth by
the sun...the earth is heated unequally because it is tilted on its axis
35. Describe the temperature and moisture found in the following air masses.
a. continental polar
b. maritime polar
a. continental polar – dry. Cold air mass
c. continental tropical - dry , warm air mass
c. continental tropical
d. maritime tropical
b. maritime polar moist , cold air mass
d. maritime tropical moist, warm air mass
36. How does temperature affect the weather and the moisture content of the air?
As the atmosphere heats us , wind forms due to the unequal heating of the atmosphere
As the air warms, the space in between the air particles increases ( the air become less dense), so the air can hold more
water vapor
37. Describe warm and cold fronts and the weather associated with each type of front.
Front
description
weather
Cold
cool air replaces warmer air
rain with passage;
weather may be sever
Warm
Stationary
warm air replaces cooler air
less intense weather, rain is a possibility
warm air and cooler air meet, but don't
overcast, possible rain;
move
weather doesn't change until another air mass
pushes the other air asses out of the way
Occluded
cold air overtakes warm front
don't worry about this one..
if you do, check your notes!
38. Describe the characteristics (moisture, temperature, weather, ect.) of high and low pressure systems.
Rising air pressure – improving weather
Falling air pressure – weather will get worse...more clouds, possible rain, thunderstorms, tornadoes
Within a storm, as the pressure drops, the weather will worsen!
VII. Ch 9.1, 22, 23 Astronomy
39 List the 6 types of electromagnetic radiation from:
a. Shortest to longest wavelength :gamma, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves
b. Least to most energy: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma waves
40. Why are spectroscopes/ spectrographs useful tools used by astronomers?
Used to determine the composition of stars, distance to stars, if star is moving towards or away from an object ( red/blue
shift)
41. Describe characteristics of stars. Include color differences and brightness.
Size – stars can range from very small neutron stars that are less than 20 miles across to super giant stars that have a
mass 100 times that of our sun
Color – helps us determine temperature ...hottest stars are blue; coolest sars are red
Brightness – also called magnitude – stars that are closer to us appear brighter, but in reality may not be the brightest star
in the sky; the smaller the absolute magnitude number, the brighter the star ( a star with a magnitude 2 is brighter than a
star with a magnitude of 10)
Composition – the most common element in stars is hydrogen; second most common is helium
42. Describe types of telescopes.
Optical telescope – use visible light
Refracting – uses lenses; not a wise choice, too many problems with lenses
Reflecting – uses mirrors ; it is the choice of professional and amateurs; fewer problems with mirrors
IR telescopes – use IR Rad; helps to discover new stars
Radio telescopes – huge dish shaped telescopes; can be based on earth
X Ray telescopes – gather X rays; help to detect black holes
43 Describe the three types of galaxies.
Spiral – bulge at center, and spiral arms Ex Milky Way Galaxy – most galaxies we have discovered are spiral
Elliptical – shaped elongated, elliptical ; fewer nebula;
Irregular galaxies – no definite shape; lots of nebula and new stars
44. Describe the discoveries of these famous astronomers.
a. Ptolemy
b. Copernicus
c. Kepler
d. Hubble
e. Galileo
a. Ptolemy – said the earth was at the center and everything rotated around the earth ( geocentric theory)
b. Copernicus - sun at the center and all the planets rotated around the sun ( heliocentric theory)
c. Kepler – planets’ orbits have an elliptical shape; laws of planetary motion
d. Hubble – discovered “fuzzy white balls” seen through telescopes were actually millions of stars – called them galaxies
e. Galileo – perfected the use of the telescope; discovered four moons of Jupiter; sunspots; rings of Saturn; was put under
“house arrest “ by the church supporting the heliocentric theory ( which was contrary to the church’s opinion that the
geocentric theory was correct)
45. Describe the following as the life cycle of a medium sized star, such as our sun, a massive star, or a super
massive star.
a. nebula ---- main sequence star ---- red giant ---- white dwarf
b. nebula ---- main sequence star ---- red giant ---- supernova ---- neutron star
c. nebula ---- main sequence star ---- red giant ---- supernova ---- black hole
a. nebula ---- main sequence star ---- red giant ---- white dwarf
b. nebula ---- main sequence star ---- red giant ---- supernova ---- neutron
c. nebula ---- main sequence star ---- red giant ---- supernova ---- black hole
XI. Semester Exam Vocabulary
average mass star
star massive star
supermassive star
Safety/Chapter 1:
control
variable
density
mass
volume
hypothesis
meniscus
Chapter 6
kinetic energy
specific heat
insulator
conductor
spot elevation
Topographic Maps
topographic map
depression
hachure marks
benchmark
contour line
Chapter 19:
Buoyant force
Archimedes principle
Bernoulli’s principal
fluid any material that can flow and takes the shape of the container
Chapter 20
a. oceanography – study of the ocean, its life forms, its topography, its chemical composition and its natural resources
c. Coriolis effect ( 536) the curving of moving objects from a straight path due to the Earth’s rotation...it happens in
oceans (with currents) and in the atmosphere with winds
e. waxing – the moon appears to be growing larger
f. waning – the moon appears to be growing smaller
g. current – ( 534) – streamlike movement of water in the ocean;
h. Tide – ( 548) daily changes in the level of ocean water ; the daily rise and fall of sea level
Chapter 21:
a. funnel cloud –spinning cloud.. a tornado in the sky that hasn’t touched the ground
b. Isobar – lines on a weather map that connect equal air pressures
c. Barometer instrument that measures air pressure
d. dew point – temperature at which water vapor condenses
e. humidity – the amount of moisture in the air
f. Relative humidity - percentage of the amount of water vapor the air is holding vs the amount of water vapor the air can
hold
g. atmosphere the ocean of air that surround our earth; consists of nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, and other trace gases
Chapter 7:
crest highest part of a wave
frequency
trough lowest part of a wave
reflection
wave
refraction
medium
diffraction
transverse wave
interference
longitudinal wave
rarefaction
amplitude
compression
wavelength length of a wave; usually measured from crest to crest or trough to trough
Astronomy(Chp.9.1, 22,23):
light year distance light travels in one year
apparent magnitude how bright a star appears from earth
galaxy largest grouping of stars in space
absolute magnitude the actual brightness of a star
parallax one of the ways we measure distances in space; apparent shift in a star’s location
nebulae cloud of hyrdogen gas and dust; birthplace of stars
Neutron stars extremely dense stars that form from a massive star
supernova explosion of a star
white dwarf small, dense stars that are very hot; formed from a average sized star
black hole forms when a super massive star condense in on itself and distorts time and space; gravity is so great that
nothing, including light cannot escape from it
Big Bang Theory theory that states all matter was condensed into a very small area, resulting in a tremendous explosion
that form the universe ( evidence to support BBT includes red shift and background cosmic radiation )
If you still have your old vocabulary, you may simply highlight the above words on your old
vocabulary and then attach it to your review. If you no longer have your old vocabulary then
you must redefine all of the above words.