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Macromolecules
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Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain CARBON
are called organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic
molecules.
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• The compounds created by living
organisms are called organic
compounds
• In order for a compound to be
considered organic it must have a
Carbon Atom (C)
and a Hydrogen Atom (H)
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Which Compound is Organic?
• CO2
• H2O
• CH3
• C6H12O6
• NH3
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The most common organic
compounds in living things are:
1. Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.Proteins
4.Nucleic Acids
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Carbon (C)
• Carbon has 4 electrons in outer
shell.
• Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or N.
• Example: CH4(methane)
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Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules.
• Also called POLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS.
• Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic copyright
acids
(DNA and RNA)
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Carbohydrates
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Carb - o – hy
Carbon – oxygen – hydrogen
(drates)
.
Function of Carbohydrates
They are used by living
organisms as the primary
source of energy
They provide support in plants
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Carbohydrate’s
Building Blocks:
Simple Sugars
(Glucose)
Carbohydrates are found in
• Glucose
•
•
•
•
•
•
In Humans it is
Stored in the
liver as glycogen
Cereal
Potatoes
Pasta
Corn
Starch
Also most foods that are white are
full of carbs. copyright cmassengale
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–Think Gross!!
– Anything that ends in
ose is a carb. (sugar)
– Cellulose
– Gives support to plants (walls)
Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to large
sugar molecules.
• Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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Examples:
• Monosaccharides – glucose
• Disaccharides – table sugar
• Polysaccharides – glycogen
• Cellulose – provides structure for plants
• Chitin – is a form of glucose used on the
outside of animalscopyright
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lobsters and insects.
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Lipids
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AKA - Fats
Lipids
• Description: Lipid is a general term for
compounds which are not soluble in water.
Lipids do not respond to water because
they have no charge. (Remember water is a
polar molecule.)
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Lipids
•Function: “stores the most energy”
•Found in
2.
3.
4.
: 1. Fats
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
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Appearance: A glycerol hook to 3
chains (Looks like an “E”)
Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1.Long term energy storage
2.Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3.Protection against physical shock
4.Protection against water loss
5.Chemical messengers (hormones)
6.Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)
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Proteins
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Found
in:
Appearance: the Presence of
Nitrogen.
Information about
Proteins
Proteins are made of
amino acids (20)
• There are 20 Amino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage:
albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes:
cellular reactions
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Nucleic
Acids
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Nucleic Acid Structure:
Double Helix
Nucleic acids
• Found in every living thing!
Plants, Bacteria, You, Fish, every living
thing.
No exceptions!
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Nucleic acids
• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA- double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid
(RNA-single strand)
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Nucleic acids
Function:
Nucleic Acids build the DNA which
carries the instructions to build and
repair the organism.
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Building Blocks: Nucleotides
1. Phosphate
Group
2. Sugar
3. Nitrogen Base