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CHAPTER 1 - GEOGRAPHY & HISTORY 3,000,000 B.C. - PRESENT Section 1 - Five Themes Of Geography (pgs 5 - 8) * Geography = the study of the earth and of the ways people live and work on it. - why people live the way they do - the past by answering questions Theme 1: Location * Two types of location: absolute and relative Absolute Location = to the exact location of a place on the earth Relative Location = to the position of a place in relation to other places. Theme 2: Place * The theme of place answers the question “What is the place like ?” Place can be described: - by physical characteristics (climate, deserts, water, plants, etc) - by human characteristics (how many live there, language, etc) Theme 3: Human/Environmental Interaction * Theme of human/environmental interaction deals with how people use, adapt to, or change their environment. People respond to their environment in different ways: - sometimes adapt or adjust(different clothing for different seasons) - modify or change (irrigate land to grow crops or build a dam to avoid flooding) Theme 4: Movement * Theme of movement looks at how people and places are linked together. Examples of movement: - transportation (you may ride a bus made in Japan) - communication ( instant information by tv, radio, internet) Theme 5: Regions * Geographers organize the world in to regions to help us study the world. Geographers define regions by: - physical features (land) - human features (language spoken, religion practices) Section 1 Assessment 1) Define a) geography _____________________________________________________ b) absolute location ________________________________________________ c) relative location ________________________________________________ 2) What five themes do geographers use to study the earth ? 3) Why do geographers organize the world into regions ? Critical Thinking 4) Making Comparisons - How does the theme of location differ from the theme of place ? Graphic Organizer (see pg 9) Using a graphic organizer, draw a diagram and use it to summarize information on each of the five themes used by geographers. Section 2 - Land, Water, and Climate (pgs 9 - 18) * Geographers study : _____________________________________________ Landforms * Land covers = ______ of the surface of the earth and is made up of four main kinds of landforms. Geographers describe each land form by its elevation and relief. Elevation = ___________________________________________ Relief = ______________________________________________ Landform = ___________________________________________ - mountains = highest of landforms rising at least 2,000 ft above sea level. - hills = __________________________________________ - plateaus = flat land and rise from 300 - 3000 ft above sea level - plains = large flat or gently rolling land and rise less than 1,000 ft above sea level. Surface Changes From Inside The Earth * Land surface ____________________ - Most changes = forces from deep within the earth, usually heat and pressure The inside of the earth is made up of three separate layers: Core = center of the earth (hottest part of the earth) - inner part = solid rock - out part = melted rock Mantle = _____________________________________________ Crust = thin layer of rock , sand, soil and is floating on the melted outer part of the mantle. * Heat from the core = ____________________________________. This puts pressure on the crust and causes it to move in separate sections called tectonic plates. Tectonic Plates = slow moving sections of the earth Continental Drift = theory that the continents move. Plate movements cause: Volcanoes = ____________________________________________ Earthquakes = shaking or sliding of a portion of the Earth’s crust. Section 2 - Land, Water, and Climate (pgs 9 - 18) continued Surface Changes From Outside The Earth * Forces from outside the earth also cause changes on its surface. Three main forces are: _____________________________________. Erosion = in which rock and soil are moved from one place on the earth’s surface to another. (rock slides) - water erosion can be helpful and harmful. helpful = rivers that carry rich soil down from a mountain harmful = flooding - ice erosion can cause glaciers drove people away glacier = ____________________________________ Landforms in History * Throughout history landforms _______________________________________ Waterways 1) 70% of the earth is water. - The largest water ways are: ____________________________________ 2) Smaller bodies of salt water and usually partly surrounded by land. = ___________ 3) Bodies of water that are completely surrounded by land = __________________ 4) Waterways that empty into another body of water = ____________________ River System = _______________________________________ Climate and the Sun * The most important thing that shapes climate is the sun, as it provides the the earth with heat and light. Climate = the pattern of weather of a place over many years * As the earth moves through space it rotates or spins on its axis (an imaginary line ) and which takes 24 hours to spin around completely. * The earth also moves around the sun in a circular path called and orbit. This motion, known as revolution, takes one year or 365 days to complete. Section 2 - Land, Water, and Climate (pgs 9 - 18) continued Climate Zones * Geographers ___________________________________________________ Tropical Zone = (tropics) always receives the most direct rays of sun Temperate Zone = sun’s rays slant for part of the year and almost direct sunlight for the rest of the year. Weather: winter = cold summer = hot Polar Zone = no sunlight at all during part of the year and only slanting rays during the rest of the year. Weather = Extreme Cold Climate, Water, and Wind * climate is shaped ________________________________________________ Prevailing Winds = blow from a certain direction almost all the time. Monsoon Winds = change direction according to the season and often bring heavy rainfall. Ocean Current = ocean water that flows in a steady stream. Climate and Altitude * The higher the altitude the colder the climate. Precipitation = ______________________________________________ Section 2 Assessment 1) Define a) landforms ____________________________________________________ b) elevation _____________________________________________________ c) relief ______________________________________________________ d) core ________________________________________________________ e) mantle _______________________________________________________ f) crust ________________________________________________________ g) tectonic plates _________________________________________________ h) continental drift _______________________________________________ i) volcanoes _____________________________________________________ j) earthquakes ___________________________________________________ k) erosion ______________________________________________________ l) glaciers _____________________________________________________ m) river system __________________________________________________ n) climate ______________________________________________________ o) latitude _____________________________________________________ p) tropical zone __________________________________________________ q) temperate zone ________________________________________________ r) polar zone ____________________________________________________ s) prevailing winds ________________________________________________ t) ocean current __________________________________________________ u) precipitation __________________________________________________ 2) What are some of the ways landforms and waterways have been important to history ? 3) Into what climate zones do geographers often organize the earth ? 4) How does climate affect the way you live ? Section 3 - Natural Resources (pgs 19 - 21) * Natural resources = ______________________________________________ Minerals = iron, copper, tin, gold, silver these minerals are not essential to life but make our lives easier Renewable Resource = resources that can be replaced as they are used. (soil) Non Renewable Resource = resources that cannot be replaced as they are used. Section 3 Assessment 1) Define a) natural resources _______________________________________________ b) minerals _____________________________________________________ c) renewable resources _____________________________________________ d) nonrenewable resources ___________________________________________ 2) What resources are needed for life ? 3) Why do you think people have become more interested in making better use of the world’s natural resources ? 4) Create at web and use it to show examples of how natural resources have helped shape history. Section 4 Legends (pgs 22 - 24) * People have always been interested in learning about the past. Legends = _________________________________________________ * The three legends described = _______________________________________ - archaeologist = ___________________________________________ - anthropologists = _________________________________________ Section 4 Assessment 1) Define a) legends ______________________________________________________ b) archaeologists _________________________________________________ c) anthropologists _________________________________________________ 2) What legends do you know ? What do they try to explain ? 3) Draw a diagram (see pg 24) and use it to show the order of events in one of the legends in this section. Section 5 Archaeology (pgs 25 - 28) Archaeology = ___________________________________________________ Artifacts = things made by people (weapons, tools, pottery) Archaeological Finds - In 1700 Italian farmers discovered ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ - In 1770 another Roman city called___________ was found - this city contained fine houses, theaters, and temples. Archaeologists learned how ancient Romans lived. - The __________________ was found in Egypt and was a __________________ that gave them the key to the meanings of Egyptian picture writing. Dating Archaeological Remains - Archaeologists _______________ to uncover remains of the past - they ___________ - The Three Ages 1)________________ 2) _________________ 3) __________________ - Trees used to _________________________________________________ Section 5 Assessment 1) Define a) archaeology __________________________________________________ b) artifacts ___________________________________________________ 2) Why did scientists begin to study artifacts ? 3) Why was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone important? 4) What would you like about being an archaeologist ? What would you dislike ? 5) What were the three major periods in early human history ?