Download 8. LIPIDS METABOLISM (cont.)

6-YEAR MD PROGRAM
BIOCHEMISTRY
TOPICS OF SEMINARS
2013/2014
http://biochemia.wum.edu.pl
WINTER SEMESTER
1. PROTEINS
1. Amino acids structure and properties
2. Proteins classification and functions
3. Structure of proteins
a) primary (peptide bonds)
b) secondary (hydrogen bonds,  - helix,  - pleated sheet)
c) tertiary (non-covalent and covalent bonds)
d) quaternary
4. Structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin
5. Structure of insulin
6. Methods of proteins separation
7. Methods of molecular mass determination
8. Denaturation and coagulation processes (isoelectric point)
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2. ENZYMES
1. General characteristic of enzymes
2. Exergonic and endergonic reactions
3. Coenzymes and prosthetic groups
4. Classification of enzymes
5. Mechanism of enzyme action
a) energy changes
b) enzyme specificity
c) active site
d) enzyme-substrate interactions (lock-and-key and induced fit
mechanisms)
6. Factors affecting reaction velocity
a) enzyme and substrate concentrations
b) enzyme affinity for substrate (Vmax, Km)
c) temperature
d) pH
e) modulators
7. Types of inhibition
8. Regulation of enzyme activity
9. Isoenzymes
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3. TISSUE OXIDATION:ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN,
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION, TCA CYCLE
1. Localization of electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs
cycle
2. Organization of electron transport chain
a) NADH - coenzyme Q reductase complex
b) succinate - Q reductase complex
c) QH2 - cytochrome reductase complex
d) cytochrome c oxidase complex
3. Inhibitors of electron transport
4. Mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation
a) chemical hypothesis
b) conformational hypothesis
c) chemiosmotic hypothesis
5. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
a) pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex
b) regulation of the PDH complex
6. Krebs (TCA) cycle, role (anabolic and catabolic), reactions and regulation
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4. NUCLEIC ACIDS, DNA REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION,
PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS
1. DNA and RNA primary structure
2. Cellular organization of DNA molecule
a) higher order chromatin structure and the role of histones and non-histone
proteins
3. DNA replication
a) enzymes engaged in DNA replication - DNA polymerases,
topoisomerases, helicases, single strand binding proteins, primase
b) the leading versus the lagging strand. Okazaki fragments
c) correction of mistakes by proofreading capability of DNA polymerases
4. Mutations - definition, types of mutations.
5. Transcription
a) prokaryotic and Eukaryotic RNA polymerases
b) initiation, elongation, termination
c) poly- and monocistronic mRNA
6. Post-transcriptional modifications (splicing and ends’ modification)
7. Translation
a) initiation, elongation and termination of translation
b) post-translational modification of proteins.
8. Antibiotics affecting translation.
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5. CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM
1. Chemical structure of carbohydrates
2. Phosphorylation of carbohydrates
3. Biosynthesis of "active glucose" (UDPG)
4. Glucose metabolism
- glycolysis (ATP generation)
- fermentation
- gluconeogenesis
- pentose phosphate pathway
5. Cori cycle and glucose/alanine cycle
6. Galactose metabolism and its genetic disorders
7. Fructose metabolism and its disorders
8. Central role of glucose-6-phosphate in metabolism of carbohydrates
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6. CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM (cont.)
1. Glycogen structure and storage
2. Glycogen metabolism
- glycogenesis
- glycogenolysis
- regulation
- glycogen storage defects (van Gierke and Pompe’s diseases)
3. Biosynthesis and metabolic importance of glucuronic acid
4. Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolisaccharidoses)
5. Proteoglycans
6. Glycoproteins (blood group substances)
7. Glycolipids
8. Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and its disorders (diabetes
mellitus)
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7. LIPIDS METABOLISM
1. Lipid structure and classification
- fatty acids
- triacylglyceroles
- glycerophospholipids
- sphingolipids
- steroids
2 . Digestion of lipids and absorption from gastrointestinal tract
3. Degradation of saturated, unsaturated and essential fatty acids (ß-oxidation)
4. Fatty acids biosynthesis
5. Ketogenesis
6. Central role of acetyl-CoA in metabolism
7. Generation of ATP from fatty acids
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8. LIPIDS METABOLISM (cont.)
1. Biosynthesis of triacylglyceroles:
- in liver and in adipose tissue
2. Phospholipids and sphingolipids – structure and biosynthesis
3. Prostaglandins and related compounds
4. Steroid metabolism:
- synthesis of cholesterol and its regulation
- cholesterol catabolism: bile acids, coprostanol
- synthesis of steroid hormones
- synthesis and function of vitamin D
5. Blood lipoproteins
- classification and structure
- synthesis and circulation between tissues
ASSESSMENT I (MCQ test): PROTEINS, ENZYMES, ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN, TCA CYCLE, NUCLEIC ACIDS, REPLICATION,
TRANSCRIPTION, PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS, CARBOHYDRATES
and LIPIDS METABOLISM/digestion
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