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Mouth (oral cavity)
Statue at Buddha Park,
near Vientiane, Laos
1. Oral cavity:
vestibule
oral cavity proper
2. Palate – hard and soft palate
3. Floor of the oral cavity
4. Tongue
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Oral cavity, cavitas oris
Cavitas (cavum) oris
Gr. stoma, stomatos:
located in the face
oral fissure, rima oris
throat (fauces), isthmus faucium
Parts:
oral vestibule, vestibulum oris
parotid papilla, papilla ductus parotidei
oral cavity proper, cavitas oris propria
boundaries:
o
o
o
o
gums and teeth
hard palate
part of the soft palate
oral floor, diaphragma oris
content:
o tongue
o teeth
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
2
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Lips, labia oris
Macroscopic anatomy:
oral fissure, rima oris
angle of mouth, angulus oris
commissure of lips,
commissura labiorum
Upper lip, labium superius:
medial and two lateral parts
frenulum of upper lip
nasolabial fold, sulcus nasolabialis
philtral ridges, philtrum
tuberculum labii superioris
Lower lip, labium inferius:
frenulum of lower lip
mentolabial fold, sulcus mentolabialis
buccolabial fold, sulcus buccolabialis
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Lips, labia oris
Microscopic structure:
external surface, skin
multilayered stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium
hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands
vermilion border, modified skin
transparent epithelium
rich microvasculature – red margin
internal surface, mucous membrane
stratified nonkeratinized squamous
seromucous labial glands
internally – orbicularis oris muscle
fibroadipose connective tissue, rich in
nerve fibers and blood vessels
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
4
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Cheeks, buccae
Macroscopic anatomy:
form the sides of the mouth
similar to lips structure
composed externally of integument
muscular stratum – m. buccinator
buccal fat-pad tissue (of Bichat) –
corpus adiposum buccae (Bichat)
composed internally of mucous membrane
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
5
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Cheeks, buccae
Histological structure:
external surface – hairy skin:
stratified keratinized squamous
epithelium
hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands
the buccinator muscle, m. buccinator
internal surface – buccal mucosa
stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium
with a high regenerative capacity
buccal and molar glands
buccal fat-pad tissue (of Bichat)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
6
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Oral cavity proper,
cavitas oris propria
Palate, palatum:
roof of the oral cavity proper
resonance in phonation
hard palate, palatum durum (osseum)
soft palate, palatum molle
Hard palate, palatum durum
– anterior ⅔:
processus palatinus maxillae
lamina horizontalis ossis palatini
plicae palatinae transversae
papilla incisiva; raphe palati
gll. palatinae
stratified non-keratinized squamous
epithelium
keratinization
lamina propria – firmly attached
to the periosteum
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
7
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Oral cavity proper,
cavitas oris propria
Palate, palatum:
roof of the oral cavity proper
resonance in phonation
hard palate, palatum durum (osseum)
soft palate, palatum molle
Hard palate, palatum durum
– anterior ⅔:
processus palatinus maxillae
lamina horizontalis ossis palatini
plicae palatinae transversae
papilla incisiva; raphe palati
gll. palatinae
stratified non-keratinized squamous
epithelium
keratinization
lamina propria – firmly attached
to the periosteum
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
8
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Oral cavity proper,
cavitas oris propria
Palate, palatum:
roof of the oral cavity proper
resonance in phonation
hard palate, palatum durum (osseum)
soft palate, palatum molle
Hard palate, palatum durum
– anterior ⅔:
processus palatinus maxillae
lamina horizontalis ossis palatini
plicae palatinae transversae
papilla incisiva; raphe palati
gll. palatinae
stratified non-keratinized squamous
epithelium
keratinization
lamina propria – firmly attached
to the periosteum
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
9
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Oral cavity proper,
cavitas oris propria
Soft palate, palatum molle – posterior ⅓
velum palatini with uvula
arcus palataglossus and
arcus palatopharyngeus
stratified columnar epithelium nasally
stratified non-keratinized squamous orally
muscles of the soft palate
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
10
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Oral cavity proper,
cavitas oris propria
Gums, gingivae:
attached gingiva
marginal gingiva
Macroscopic structure:
free gingival margin
gingival sulcus
gingival papilla (interdental papilla)
vestibular
oral
Microscopic structure:
lamina epithelialis
stratified squamous parakeratinized
epithelium
lamina propria – papillae
rich vascularization
dense innervation
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
11
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Floor of the oral cavity
Oral floor:
a muscular layer between
the tongue and the mandible
Muscular base:
mylohyoid, m. mylohyoideus
geniohyoid, m. geniohyoideus
Mucosa:
thin and loosely attached
to the underlying structures
mucosal folds
lingual frenulum
sublingual folds
sublingual papilla (caruncle)
Blood supply and venous drainage:
aa. et vv. sublingualis, facialis et thyroidea sup.
Lymphatic drainage:
nodi lymphatici submandibulares et cervicales profundi
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
12
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Floor of the oral cavity
Oral floor:
a muscular layer between
the tongue and the mandible
Muscular base:
mylohyoid, m. mylohyoideus
geniohyoid, m. geniohyoideus
Mucosa:
thin and loosely attached to the underlying structures
mucosal folds
lingual frenulum
sublingual folds
sublingual papilla (caruncle)
Blood supply and venous drainage:
aa. et vv. sublingualis, facialis et thyroidea sup.
Lymphatic drainage:
nodi lymphatici submandibulares et cervicales profundi
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
13
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Embryonic development
Oral cavity – first pharyngeal arch
maxillary process
mandibular process
frontonasal prominence
middle part of nasal prominence
lateral parts
Nose:
frontonasal prominence nasal root
two medial nasal prominences
nasal dorsum and apex
two lateral nasal prominences
nasal sidewalls and alae
nasal (olfactory) placode nostrils
Eye – eye rudiments:
lateral nasal prominences
maxillary processes
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
14
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Facial abnormalities
Facial clefts:
cleft lip, labium leporinum
cleft palate, palatum fissum
(palatoschisis s. faux lupina)
congenital macrostoma
congenital microstoma
congenital cleft in the face, meloschisis
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Tongue
Tongue – lingua (Gr. glossa):
on the floor of the mouth
a muscular organ possessing great mobility
important role in digestion:
active role in chewing (mastication)
involved in sucking and deglutition reflex
essential role in articulation and phonation
the primary organ of taste
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Phylogenesis of the tongue
Phylogenesis:
fishes
a fold in the floor of the mouth
epithelial lining,
no glands and muscles
connective tissue of hyoid arch
amphibians and reptiles
tactile organ
well-developed mucous glands
intrinsic muscles
mammals
important organ of the digestive system;
vital role in feeding and sucking
highly differentiated mucosa
proper musculature
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Embryonic development
Onthogenesis:
begin – 4 mo.
origin – from branchial arches
body of tongue – Ist pharyngeal arch:
mesodermal cells from the 1st
(mandibular) pharyngeal arch
two lateral lingual swellings – 5 we.
median lingual swelling,
tuberculum impar
root of tongue:
hypobranchial eminence, copula of His
– II-IV pharyngeal arch
mucosa:
body – 1st pharyngeal arch
root – 3rd-4th arch
tongue musculature:
from occipital (postotic)
myotomes (3rd and 4th
occipital myotomes)
taste buds:
7 we.
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Structure of the tongue
Parts of the tongue:
body, corpus linguae tip, apex linguae
root, radix linguae
divided by a V-shaped furrow,
sulcus terminalis
Surface anatomy:
dorsal surface, dorsum linguae
oral (presulcal) part (pars oralis)
pharyngeal (postsulcal) part (pars pharyngealis)
sulcus terminalis foramen cecum
median furrow, sulcus medianus
inferior surface, facies inferior
plica fimbriata
frenulum linguae
caruncula sublingualis
sublingual fold
margin of the tongue, margo linguae
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Papillae of the tongue
Lingual papillae – 4 types:
filiform (conical) papillae
fungiform papillae
vallate papillae
foliate papillae
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Papillae of the tongue
Filiform papillae, papillae filiformes:
thin, long, thread-shaped papillae
arranged in regular parallel rows over the
entire anterior dorsal surface of the tongue
smallest in size, most numerous in humans
keratinized epithelium the velvet surface
lamina propria – 10-30 papillae secundariae
mechanical role, do not contain taste buds
Conical papillae, papillae conicae
larger and longer filiform papillae
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Papillae of the tongue
Fungiform papillae, papillae fungiformes:
less numerous, throughout the filiform
mushroom-shaped projections
at the tip and margins of the tongue
nonkeratinized epithelium pink spots
lamina propria – secondary papillae
have mechanical and thermal receptors
contain taste buds
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Papillae of the tongue
Vallate papillae, papillae (circum)vallatae:
the largest papillae – d=1-3 mm
dome-shaped structures
7-12 papillae in front of sulcus terminalis
narrow moats – von Ebner’s glands
stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria – papillae secundariae
contain numerous (80-100) taste buds
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
23
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Papillae of the tongue
Foliate papillae, papillae foliatae:
parallel low ridges on the lateral edge of the tongue
well-developed only in children
folium papillae; sulcus papillae
multilayered stratified epithelium
lamina propria – brush-like secondary papillae
small serous gustatory glands
in the subepithelial connective tissue
numerous taste buds are present
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
The tongue and taste
Taste buds, caliculi
(gemmae) gustatorii – 2000-9000:
vallate papillae – most numerous
plentiful in the posterior ⅓ of the tongue
fungiform and foliate papillae
soft palate, epiglottis and pharynx
reduction in number (up to ⅓) with age
our sense of taste can and do change over time!
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Lingual glands
Glandulae linguales – minor salivary glands:
mixed (seromucous) glands – close to the tip
anterior linglual (Nuhn’s) glands
serous glands – in vallate papillae
gustatory (von Ebner’s) glands
mucous glands – in the lingual root
posterior lingual (Weber’s) glands
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Lingual tonsils
Tonsilla lingualis:
small, rounded mass
of lymphoid tissue in the
posterior ⅓ of the tongue
tonsillar papillae
tonsillar crypts
Weber’s salivary glands
lymphatic nodules (MALT)
covered with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
27
SPLANCHNOLOGY
The lingual musculature
Extrinsic lingual muscles – move the tongue:
genioglossus – best developed muscle
hyoglossus
styloglossus – the shortest and smallest
chondroglossus – variable, sometimes absent
palatoglossus – associated with the soft palate
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
28
SPLANCHNOLOGY
The lingual musculature
Intrinsic lingual muscles – alter its shape:
superior longitudinal muscle
inferior longitudinal muscle
the transverse muscle
the vertical muscle
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Tongue histology
Lingual mucous membrane – lingual papillae:
body – endoderm of the stomodeum
root – endoderm of primitive gut
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
dorsal surface – thicker
inferior surface – thinner
lamina propria
glands and lymphatic nodules
tela submucosa – absent
minor salivary glands – serous and mucous
lymphoid tissue – lingual tonsil (root)
Tongue core:
skeletal striated muscle tissue
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
30
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Vessels of the tongue
Blood supply – lingual artery:
sublingual and deep
lingual arteries
Branches form:
facial artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
Venous drainage – lingual vein:
drains into
the jugular internal vein
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
31
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Lymphatic drainage:
tip – submental lymph nodes
body – submandibular lymph nodes
root – retropharyngeal lymph nodes
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
32
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Nerve supply of the tongue
Somatosensory innervation:
anterior ⅔ and inferior surface:
lingual nerve (n. trigeminus)
facial nerve
chorda tympani
posterior ⅓ of the tongue:
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
lingual glands:
parasympathetic – n. facialis, n. glossopharyngeus et n. vagus
sympathetic – plexus caroticus ext. (ganglion cervicale superius)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
33
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Nerve supply of the tongue
Somatosensory innervation:
anterior ⅔ and inferior surface:
lingual nerve (n. trigeminus)
facial nerve
chorda tympani
posterior ⅓ of the tongue:
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
lingual glands:
parasympathetic – n. facialis, n. glossopharyngeus et n. vagus
sympathetic – plexus caroticus ext. (ganglion cervicale superius)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
34
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Thank you ...
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov