Download The Endocrine System

Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
1.
Introduction
A.
Endocrine Glands
•
2.
Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
B.
Hormones
C.
Target Tissues / Cells
Basic Functions
A.
Maintenance of Homeostasis
B.
Regulatory Functions
i.
ii.
iii.
3.
Growth
Development
Reproductive Matters
Biochemistry of Hormones
A.
Steroids
CH2OH
CH 3 CH3
CH
C
CH
3
CH 2
CH 2
CH
Cholesterol
Cortisol
OH
CH
3
2
CH
CH3
O
O
CH3
H
HO
C
CH2OH
C
O
HO
CH
3
Aldosterone
HO
B.
HO
Amines
Radical Group
R
Amino Group
NH2
C
OH
O
C
Tyrosine
CH2
Acid Group
NH2
OH
H
C
H
O
C
OH
Basic Amino Acid
Epinephrine
NH 2
H
OH
C
C
H
H
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OH
OH
NH2
H
H
OH
C
C
C
H
H
OH
OH
Norepinephrine
Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
C.
Peptides
•
•
Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocin
Oxyto cin
Tyr
Cys
Ileu
Glu
4.
Cys
Phe
Cys Pro Leu Gly
Asp
D.
E.
Antidiuretic Hormone
Tyr
Glu
Cys Pro Arg Gly
Asp
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Feedback Control System
A.
Negative Feedback System (See Endocrine Pathways Handout: “Control
Paradigm (Negative Feedback System))
i.
B.
Example: (See Endocrine Pathways Handout: “Negative
Feedback Example”)
Positive Feedback System (See Endocrine Pathways Handout: “Positive
Feedback Example”)
i.
Child Birth and Oxytocin
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
5.
Mechanisms of Hormone Control
A.
Fixed-Membrane-Receptor Mechanism
ii.
Mechanism
ATP
cAMP
(Secondary
Messenger)
Inactive
Enzyme 1
Active
Enzyme 1
Inactive
Enzyme 4
Altered
Cell Function
ii.
B.
Active
Enzyme 4
Examples
Mobile-Receptor Mechanism
C
D
B
F
G
A
6.
Pituitary Gland
A.
Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis)
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E
Inactive
Enzyme 2
Active
Enzyme 2
Inactive
ActiveEnzyme 3
Enzyme 3
Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
i.
ii.
Neurosecretory Cells
•
ADH Supraoptic Nucleus ! ADH
•
Oxytocin Paraventricular Nucleus ! Oxytocin
•
Infundibulum
Hormones of the Neurohypophysis
a.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (or Vasopressin)
•
(See Endocrine Pathways Handout: “Water
Balance and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)”)
•
Diuretic
•
b.
Oxytocin
•
(See Endocrine Pathways Handout:
“Positive Feedback Example”)
•
Myoepithelial Cells
•
B.
Antidiuretic
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
Hypothalamus secretes
stimulating Hormones
Hypothalamic-hypopheseal
Portal Vein
Pituitary Gland in response to
stimulating hormones secretes
tropic or non-tropic hormones
into the blood stream.
i.
ii.
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
Hormones of the Adenohypophysis
•
Tropic and Non-tropic Hormones
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
Endocrine Gland
Tropic Hormone
Endocrine Gland
Endocrine Gland
Non-tropic Hormone
Target
Tissue
Target
Tissue
** Response **
** Respon se **
i.
Non-Tropic Hormones
a.
Growth Hormone (GH)
*
(See Endocrine Pathways Handout:
“Growth Hormone”)
•
Nontropic.
•
Anabolic Effect
•
Amino Acid Uptake Increase
•
Fat Metabolism
•
Epiphyseal Plate
•
ii.
*
Dwarfism
*
Acromegaly
Mechanism
*
Growth-Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
*
Growth-Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
Some Tropic Hormones
a.
Prolactin
•
b.
c.
g.
Females
*
*
•
Males
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
•
Females
*
•
Males
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
•
Females
*
•
Males
*
*
*
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Mammary Gland Development
Milk Production
Follicle Development
Ovulation
Interstitial Cells
Testosterone
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
7.
Thyroid Gland (Follicles of gland)
*
(See Endocrine Pathways Handout:
“Thyroxin and the Basal Metabolic Rate
(BMR)”)
page #7 (??)
•
Follicular Cells
A.
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Structure
a.
Follicles
b.
Colloid
Synthesis
a.
Tyrosine
b.
Iodine
Function
a.
Increase Metabolism
b.
Calorigenic Effect
Thyroid Malfunction
a.
Hyperthyroidism
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
b.
Hypothyroidism
c.
Goiter
*
(Pull out Handout: (Iodine and Goiter”)
v.
Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone
vi.
An Alternative diagram for Thyroid regulation:
Metabolic Rate
Slows Down
Thyroid Secretes
Less Thyroxine
Decreases Neg. Feedback
Pituitary Secretes
Less TSH
Hypothalamus Releases
More TRH
Pituitary Secretes
More TSH
Hypothalamus Releases
Less TRH
Increases Neg. Feedback
Thyroid Secretes
More Thyroxin
Metabolic Rate
Speeds Up
8.
Parathyroid Glands AND Thyroid Gland (Parafollicular cells NOT Follicles)
*
(See Endocrine Pathways Handout:
“Calcium Regulation in the Blood”)
A.
Parathyroid Hormone
B.
9.
i.
Function
ii.
Mechanisms
a.
Calcium Reabsorption
b.
Kidney Reabsorption
c.
Digestive Absorption of Calcium
Parafollicular Cells of Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands
*
(See Endocrine Pathways Handout:
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
“Adrenal Gland and Stress”)
•
Medulla
•
A.
Cortex
Adrenal Cortex
i.
General Information
ii.
Anatomy
a.
b.
c.
iii.
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Hormones of the Adrenal Gland
a.
b.
Glucocorticoids
•
Gluconeogenesis
•
Cortisol and Corticosterone
•
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Mineralocorticoid
•
B.
Aldosterone
Adrenal Medulla
*
(Again, see Endocrine Pathways Handout:
“Adrenal Gland and Stress”)
i.
ii.
Hormones
a.
Epinephrine
b.
Norepinephrine
Stress and the Adrenal Cortex
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
STRESS
Adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine
and norepinephrine
Sympathetic
nerve
impulses
Hypothalamus
Blood Glucose
Heart Rate
Respiration
Secretes CRH
Rises
Increases
Rate increases
(Corticotropin Rel. Hor.)
Blood flow to
Blood Pressure
Bronchioles
skeletal muscles
Rises
dilate
increases
Adenohypophysis
secretes ACTH
Adrenal cortex
secretes cortisol
Protein is used
for energy and
tissue repair
10.
Gluconeogenesis
for energy
glucose supply
Insulin to brain
to ensure
Pancreas
*
(See Endocrine Pathways Handout: “Glucose Regulation”)
A.
Introduction
i.
Mixed Gland
a.
Exocrine Gland
b.
Endocrine Gland
•
Pancreatic Islets
B.
Hormones
i.
Glucagon
a.
ii.
Alpha Cells
Insulin - a peptide
a.
Beta Cells
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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – The Endocrine System
11.
Gonads
12.
•
Ovaries
•
Testes
A.
Male Sex Hormones
i.
Testosterone
ii.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
iii.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
iv.
Inhibin
B.
Female Sex Hormones
i.
Estrogens
ii.
Relaxin
i.
Follicle-stimulating hormone
ii.
Luteinizing hormone
Other Sources of Hormones
A.
Kidneys
i.
Renin
ii.
Erythropoietin
*
(See Endocrine Pathways Handout:
“Oxygen Carrying Capacity of Blood”)
B.
Pineal Gland
i.
Melatonin
Thymus Gland
Digestive System
i.
Gastrin
ii.
Secretin
iii.
Cholecystokinin
Placenta
C.
D.
E.
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