Download Chapter 5 - Cengage Learning

Chapter 5
Motivation Refers to the set of internal forces that initiate, direct and sustain deliberate behaviour.
Ability Refers to the capacity of individuals to achieve the tasks they are trying to accomplish.
Opportunity Refers to the conditions under which motivation and ability are deployed.
Drives and motives These refl ect the distinction between unconscious physiological reactions based
on the physiological/biological needs of the body (drives) and the social process directing controllable
behaviour in people (motives).
Intrinsic motivation This refers to the impetus for behaviour originating from performing the action
itself, in simple terms the activity is done for its own sake. See also extrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic motivation This describes the situation in which the impetus for behaviour originates
outside the person and the performed task, in simple terms the activity is done in pursuit of another
end. See also intrinsic motivation.
Kaizen In Japanese, continuous improvement, and is based on employee ‘voluntary’ contributions to
suggestion schemes or small-group activities geared to problem solving (quality or productivity
circles).
Karoshi Japanese term for sudden death from overwork.
Critical incident technique Data collection method that involves asking for the most relevant aspects
of experiences. The collected answers can then be systematically analysed to shed light on a particular
phenomenon.
SMART objectives Refers to objectives that are Specifi c, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and
Time bounded.
Classical conditioning An approach to learning developed by Pavlov in which he used dogs to
demonstrate that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was associated with an unconditioned stimulus
(food) over several repetitions a conditioned response resulted (salivation to the sound of the bell).
See also Operant conditioning.
Conditioned The behaviour of an individual which results from the application of behaviourism
techniques.
Law of effect This states that behaviour is a function of its consequences.
Operant conditioning An approach to learning based on the reinforcement of particular behaviours
by a trainer, which consequently shapes it into the desired pattern. See also Classical conditioning.
Shape To create or encourage particular behaviour patterns in another individual through the
principles of reinforcement.
Reinforcement The encouragement of particular behaviours through the application of positive
and/or negative rewards, based on the application of four schedules: fi xed ratio; variable ratio; fi xed
interval; variable interval.
Positive reinforcement This refer to the process of administering particular responses to increase the
likelihood of the target behaviour occurring. See also negative reinforcement, punishment and
extinction.
Negative reinforcement This refer to the process of removing particular responses to increase the
likelihood of the target behaviour occurring. See also positive reinforcement, punishment and
extinction.
Punishment The administration of responses that reduces the likelihood of the target behaviour
occurring. See also positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and extinction.
Extinction This refers to the removal of response with the result that the likelihood of the target
behaviour decreases. See also positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment.
Vicarious learning Refers to learning through the observation of others.
Self-control This a notion absent from behaviouristic explanations of behaviour. It refers to the
largely autonomous determination and adjustment of behaviour without simultaneous environmental
infl uence.
Self-effi cacy Belief about one’s ability to perform a particular behaviour in specifi c circumstances
successfully. See also generalized selfeffi cacy.
Generalized self-effi cacy This refers to an assessment of one’s competence across different tasks
and settings. See also self-effi cacy.
Self-determination theory (SDT) A theory that distinguishes between autonomous motivation
(where behaviour is based on volition and active choice) and controlled motivation (where behaviour
is based on external consequences determined by decisions or dynamics outside the person).
Flow This refers to the complete involvement in an activity that enables all relevant task skills and
emotional and cognitive resources to be employed in an experience that is intensely fulfi lling and
satisfying.