Download Postgraduate Course Distribution and Description

1
PGD Courses
S/N
Course Code
1
RAD 701
2.
RAD 703
3.
RAD 711
4.
RAD 721
5.
RAD 731
6.
RAD 741
TOTAL
1.
RAD 702
2.
RAD 704
3.
RAD 712
4.
RAD 742
5.
RAD 732
TOTAL
Course Title
1st Semester
Radiation Physics, Protection and Dosimetry
Advanced Radiographic Equipment and instrumentation
Biostatistics in Health Technology
Health Administration
Introduction of Computer Program
Quality control in Radiology
2nd Semester
Research Methodology
Trends in Radiographic imaging and optics
Radiographic pathology and image critique
Research project
Radiation Biology
Unit
3
3
3
3
3
2
17
3
3
3
6
3
18
All PGD students are expected to take any two of the following courses in the addition to the
list above as electives.
1.
Renal and Gastrointestinal physiology
2.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory physiology
3.
Chemistry of Biological molecules and Biochemical Catalysis
4.
Gross Anatomy.
PGD COURSE DESCRIPTION
RAD 702: Research Methodology
RAD 703: Advanced Radiographic Equipment and Instrumentation
Filament circuits, Tomographic Units and attachments.
Tube rating, Autotimers and
applications. Fluoroscopic Units. Interlock circuits. Image Intensifiers and Television Tubes.
Quality Assurance in Radiology.
RAD 704: Trends in Radiographic Imaging and Selected Topics
The radiographic image and its relation to signal transfer, Transfer characteristics based upon
modulation transfer function. Quality of radiographic image-noise resolution and contrast.
Receiver observe image receptor requirement for various specialized procedures. Variables
modifying the selection of exposure factors. Quality assurance. Introduction to other imaging
modalities.
2
RAD 712: Radiographic Pathology and Imaging Critique
Definition of Common pathological conditions Basic presentation and manifestation of various
pathological conditions and disease enities on radiographs covering the major organs and
systems of the body.
RAD 701: Radiation Physics, Protection and Dosimetry
Wave and Quantum method of energy transfer. Electromagnetic spectrum. Electron emission
and solid state physics. Photo electric cell. The atom ionization. Radioactivity and Radioactive
decay. Half life. Geiger-Natural Law. Units of activity and measurement. k. Captures. Special
relativity. Production and interaction of X and Gamma radiations. Attenuations and inverse
square law. Effects of filtration.
RAD 721: Health Administration
Management Principles and managerial functions. Leadership dynamies and supervision.
Motivational theories. Organization structure. Interpersonal and interectorial relationships.
Performance Evaluation. Industrial and Public relations. Collective bargaining. Inventory, vital
statistics and records. Budgeting and financial control. Communication processes.
RAD 742: Project
Each student works on a selected and approved topic with practical application of the theories
and principles learnt in RAD 702.
RAD 732: Radiation Biology
Events leading to radiation injury, initial physio-chemical and bimolecular changes. Biological
effects, radiosensitizers and radioprotectors. Radiosensitivity of DNA, RNA proteins, DNA
stand breaks. repair of sublethal damage and cell cycles. Cell death, survival courses does,
LD50, extrapolation number target theory, and split dose experiments. Effect of ionizing
radiation at the tissue level. Genetic effect, mutation and accumulation of damage. Cancer and
its aetiology, carcinogenesis and radiation.
3
M Sc. Courses
The study for the Degree shall be prosecuted through course work of at least 30 credit hours i.e.
15 credit hours per semester and 6 credit units of thesis.
M Sc. Compulsory Common Courses
S/N
1.
2.
3
4.
TOTAL
1st Semester
Course Title
Advanced Statistic in health science
Advanced computer in health science
Advanced concept in medical imaging
Research seminar 1
Course Code
RAD 801
RAD 803
RAD 805
RAD 807
Unit
2
2
2
2
8
RAD 808
RAD 806
RAD 802
RAD 804
2
2
3
6
13
Course Code
RAD 813
RAD 815
RAD 831
RAD 811
RAD 821
Unit
2
2
2
2
2
10
RAD 807
RAD 818
RAD 814
RAD 812
2
2
1
1
2ND Semester
1.
Research Seminar 11
2.
Research methodology
3.
Professional posting in specialty area
4.
Research project
TOTAL
M Sc. Medical Imaging
S/N
1.
2.
3
4.
5.
TOTAL
1st Semester
Course Title
Image formation and processing
MRI and imaging in Nuclear Medicine
Radiation physics
Diagnostic ultrasound
Radiation protection and Dosimetry
2ND Semester
1.
2.
3.
Research Seminar I
Electronics, instrumentation and maintenance
Applications of Digital systems in Imaging
Computerized Tomography: Principles and
Application
TOTAL
6
M Sc. Radiation and Environmental Protection and Dosimetry
S/N
1.
2.
1st Semester
Course Title
Radiation protection and Dosimetry
Hazard Assessment from Radioactivity and oil
spillage: Evaluation and control
Course Code
RAD 821
RAD 839
Unit
2
1
4
3
4.
5.
Air pollution from fossil-fuelled industrial
processes and Aerosol physics, Environmental
pollution
Microwaves, Lasers and Environmental noise
External and Internal Dosimetry
RAD 825
1
RAD 827
RAD 829
1
2
TOTAL
7
2ND
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Semester
Research Seminar II
Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear fuel processing and
Reactor waste
Intervention in situation of chronic and emergency
Exposure
Medical Exposures in Radiodiagnosis, Radtherapy
and Nuclear Medicine
Radiobiology
Non ionizing radiation physics
Radiation, Protection and Environmental
monitoring
RAD 808
RAD 822
2
1
RAD 824
1
RAD 826
1
RAD 828
RAD 820
RAD 830
2
1
1
TOTAL
9
M Sc. Medical Physics
1st Semester
Course Title
S/N
1.
Radiation Physics
2.
Radiation Standardization and Clinical Dosimetry
3
Electronics, Instrumentation and maintenance
4.
Biological effects of ionizing radiation
5.
Radiation Hazards: assessment and control revaluation
6.
Radio Diagnostic Physics
7.
Ultrasonic
TOTAL
2ND Semester
1.
Radiation therapy treatment planning
2.
External beam therapy physics (Radiotherapy physics)
3.
Industrial Radiography and NDT
4.
Imaging in Radiography oncology
5.
Nuclear medicine
6.
Advanced Dosimetry
7
Fourier transform
TOTAL
Course Code
RAD 813
RAD 833
RAD 812
RAD 837
RAD 839
RAD 891
RAD 811
Unit
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
10
RAD 832
RAD 832
RAD 836
RAD 838
RAD 892
RAD 894
RAD 896
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
10
Course Code
RAD 841
Unit
2
M Sc Radiotherapy and Oncology
S/N
1.
1st Semester
Course Title
Equipment in Radiotherapy
5
2.
Radiobiology
3
Brachytherapy
4.
Electron beam therapy
TOTAL
RAD 828
RAD 845
RAD 847
2
2
2
8
RAD 842
RAD 844
RAD 846
RAD 848
2
1
1
1
5
2ND Semester
1.
Treatment planning
2.
Clinical Radiotherapy
3.
Histology
4.
Radiobiological Aspects of Radiotherapy
TOTAL
M Sc. Health Administration and Management
S/N Course Code
1
RAD 851
2.
RAD 853
3.
RAD 855
TOTAL
1.
RAD 852
2.
RAD 854
3.
RAD 856
TOTAL
1st Semester
Course Title
Health planning, policy formation implementation
Health Economics and Budgeting
Health personnel office management
2nd Semester
Health Care Environmental and Organization Behaviour
Health Law, Regulation and medical jurisprudence
Dynamics of Health Management
Unit
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
6
M Sc. Radiological Education
S/N
Course Code
Course Title
Semester
Educational Administration and Planning in Health
Science
Curriculum planning in health sciences
Educational innovation in Health science
Unit
1st
1
RAD 861
2.
RAD 863
3.
RAD 865
TOTAL
1.
RAD 862
2.
RAD 864
3.
RAD 866
TOTAL
2nd Semester
Education Psychology in Health sciences
Instructional teaching and Evaluation in Health Sciences
Health Education
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
6
6
M Sc. Film Reporting
S/N
Course Code
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
RAD 871
RAD 873
RAD 877
RAD 879
RAD 891
Course Title
1st Semester
Image Critique and pattern recognition
Patho-physiology of disease of the human body
Publishing and presenting materials for peer review
Radiologic Anatomy
Image interpretation in relation to abnormal and diseased
structures
TOTAL
1.
2
RAD 872
RAD 874
3
RAD 876
4.
RAD 878
TOTAL
Unit
2
2
2
2
1
9
2nd Semester
Clinical audit and management
Errors and bias in Image interpretation and decision
making
Communicating research and audit results.
Radiological procedures for different imaging modalities
1
1
1
2
5
Ph. D in the Various Areas of Specialization
The student shall be required to take a minimum of 9 credits and a maximum of 12 credits in
courses. Preferably audited from the relevant M.Sc courses in the department.
Compulsory Common Courses
S/N
Course Code
1
RAD 901
2.
RAD 903
TOTAL
1.
RAD 902
2.
RAD 904
TOTAL
Course Title
1st Semester
Research seminar 1
Research Seminar 11
2nd Semester
Research Seminar 111
Dissertation/Thesis
Unit
2
2
4
2
12
14
M Sc. Course Description
RAD 832: Therapy Radiotrapy Physics
Interaction of single beam of x and gamma rays with a scatting medium-Phantoms, Dose
calculations, TAR, BSF, PDD, TPR equivalent squares and circles for rectangular and irregular
fields, Isodose curves.
7
Treatment planning involving single and multiple beams-alteration of Isodose curves by contor
shapes, bolus and compensating filters, tissue inhomogeneities, wedge filter, integral dose,
whole body planning, rotation therapy.
Brachytherapy – Inteacavitary and interstitial source specification dosimetry of linear, planar
and volume implants, brachytheraphy in gynecology.
RAD 891: Radiodiagnostic Physics
X-Ray Production: Generators – transformers, rectification, voltage waveform – X-ray
production processes – characteristics and continuous X-rays, output, beam quality, filtration,
and beam hardening -, X-ray tubes – Components and their characteristics -, Tube Loading – Xray techniques, energy deposition, tube rating, heat dissipation-, Diagnostic X-ray beams –
Spectral characteristics, influence of filtration, heel effect, leakage radiation.
Analog X-ray Imaging: Film, Intensifying Screens, Scatter removal, Image Intensifiers,
Television/Monitors, Fluoroscopy.
Image Quality and Patient Dose: Contrast – object and subject contrast, contrast and beam
energy, image contrast, contrast and latitude, contrast agents-, Resolution – spatial resolution,
screen blur, focal spot blur, motion blur, measures of resolution-, Noise – radiographic mottle,
quantum mottle, screen speed vs noise-, Diagnostic Performance, Patient doses – patient skin
doses, organ doses, gonadal doses, integral dose, dose area parameters, effective dose.
Digital X-ray imaging: Computers, Detectors in digital imaging – gas and solid state detectors,
photostimulable phosphors, scintillators, photoconductors, Digital x-ray imaging – digital
systems, image processing, digital image display, digital image quality, radiation doses in
digital radiography, digital dynamic imaging, Picture Archiving and Communications Systems.
Mammography: Mammorgrpahy Imaging Chain, Clinical Imaging, Image Quality, Ct doses.
Computed Tomography: Basic Physics, Scanner Design, Modern scanners, Image Quality, Ct
doses.
Ultrasound: basic Physics, Interaction with matter, Transducers, Displaysm, Clinical aspects,
Doppler Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Basic Physics, Instrumentation, Imaging, Image Quality, Clinical
aspects, Contrast Agents, Advanced techniques.
The x-ray tube and circuit ratings and spectra, primary radiological image, radiographic image,
image quality, intensifier tubes, phosphors, radiographic films, TV techniques, grids, MFT,
8
fourer transform and application for imaging systems, Electrostatic imaging, tomography and
stereoradiography, Ct scanning, mammography, NMR and quality and control of diagnostic
systems, numerical angiography, renography.
RAD 892: Nuclear Medicine
1.
Physics of Nuclear Medicine and Radio Pharmaceuticals
Radio isotopes in medical diagnosis in vitro and in vivo procedures – scintillation
counters – specific activity – effective half – life – Radio isotope generators – method of
preparation, purity, quality, stability and quality control of radio pharmaceuticals.
2.
Rectilinear Scanners and Gamma Cameras
Single head-dual head scanners – cameras – Auger camera: Design criteria, resolution,
sensitivity measurements, choice of collimators – comparison between them, quality
control in instrumentation.
3.
Clinical Scanning of Different Organs
Bone scanning – Principal agents for bone scanning, 99m Tc, indications for bone
scanning, various agents for bone scanning – interpretation – Pitfalls in bone scanning –
limitations – radio
pharmaceuticals used for brain scanning – technique with
Technetium pertechnetate – scan clinical applications – radio pharmaceuticals in liver
scanning comparison – technique with 99mTc – sulfur scans – pitfalls – clinical
applications – energy spectrum of Ga-67, optimization of parameters for 67 Ga scanning
– clinical applications.
4.
Display Systems
Criteria for evaluation of readioisotope imaging systems in terms of concentration
ratios-radioisotope systems – comparison between black and white and color displays –
observer’s visual response curves and determination of detection contrasts – ROC
curves.
5.
Dynamic Studies Using radioisotopes and Advanced Imaging Systems: Saturation,
analysis, dynamic methods, activation analysis – models of body compartments –
Deconvolution techniques – Occupancy principle – SPECT, PET, nuclear cardiology –
Monoclonal studies and RIA. Radioactivity including treatment of transient secular
equilibrium, production of radioactive nuclides, synthesis of labeled compound,
elements of radiopharmacy. Liquid scintillation counting, including qualitative
measurement of radioactivity, scanners and dynamic function studies, internal absorbed
dose. PET SPECT.
9
RAD 828: Radiobiology
Comparison of energy loss mechanism, dose – response relationship, direct and indirect action
in biological system, dose-relationships, target and biological applications, isoreponse curves
and NSD, delayed radiation effects, human experience.
RAD 721: Radiation, Projection and Dosimetry
Background radiation, risk evaluation, MPDs and dose limits, preventative barriers and design.
Diagnostic X-rays installations, technical control of hazard including, shielding, monitoring,
decontamination, leak testing, waste management, radiation surveys and personnel monitoring.
Interaction of radiation with matter, HVL, energy transfer and energy absorption, photoelectric,
coherent scattering, Compton, pair and triplet production processes, qualitative treatment of
energy and particle distributions.
Interaction of heavy charged particle with matter, election interactions stopping powers and
LET. Radiation measurements – Bragg Gray theory, Spencer Attix and other cavity theories,
ionization chamber and determination of absorbed dose, interface dosimetry, calibration
procedures involving various protocols.
Solid state detectors the diode, TLD, chemical
dosimetry, film and calorimetric principles.
RAD 811: Ultrasonics
1.
Generation and Detection of Ultrasound
Propagation of ultrasound in biological materials – Piezoelectric effect t- intensity
changes by reflection, scattering, refraction, absorption and attenuation – impedance –
transducer probes.
2.
Pulse Echo and NIC Diagnostic Techniques
Principles of Echo ranging – A scan – detection, smoothing and filtering – time gain
compensation – application of A, B, and M mode scan – Doppler ultrasound –
Ultrasound in tomography: Ultrasonic microsocope – ultrasonic holography.
3.
Signal Processing, Display and Safety
Signal processing in ultrasonic imaging apparatus (qualitative ideas only) – processing
of Doppler signals – Gray scale test object – Resolution test object – safety of diagnostic
ultrasound.
4.
Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. cardiovascular Systems
Identification of early pregnancy – foetal malformation – foetal anatomy – foetal growth
– multiple pregnancy – foetal activity – ultrasound assessment of gynecological
pathology – Vas lab – arterial occlusion measurements.
10
5.
Ultrasound in Ophthalmology and Echocardiography:
The normal eye in B-scan sectioin – Diangosis of posterior vitreous detachment – intra
ocular tumors – assessment of rheumatic mitral valve – aortic murmur and calcified
aortic valve – malfunction of prosthetic valve – estimation of acute myocardial infarction
– assessment of left ventricular heart disease.
6.
GENERAL AND ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND:
Description of the normal and
abnormal echopattern of the liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, gallbladder and GIT
sonography.
The ultrasonic feld, propagation, refecdtion, refraction, physical ultrasonic, absorption, non
linear effects, cavitation, piezoelectrics, generators.
Detection and measurement, absolute and visualization methods. Diagnostic techniques, A
scan, B scan, time position time gated scans. Frequency analysis and information processing.
System performance criteria, ultrasonic biology, biophysics, therapy surgery and possible,
toxicity.
RAD 894: Advanced Dosimetry
Radiological concepts, quantities and units (revision) charged particle and radiation equilibra
and failure.
Extension of Bragg Gray cavity theory.
Recombination losses: free air ionizing chambers.
Ionization, excitation and ‘W’.
Interpretation of dosimeter readings.
Dosmetry response functions and energy dependence. Chemical, calorimetry, photographic
and thermoluminesent dosmetry. Neutron dosimetry, Microdosimtry.
RAD 812: Electronics, Instrumentation and Maintenance
Circuit theory with emphasis on modern electronics. Types of integrated circuits (amplifers,
oscillator, analogue, pulse and digital systems) impedance matching. Modular systems, re
cording. Oscilloscopes for display of physiological aginsla.
Interfacing apparatus with
comuters. Noise and interference with special reference to types common in hospital.
1.
Analog Electronics I:
Op-amp – introduction – input modes and parameters – op-amps with negative
feedback – open-loop response – mathematical operations – analog simulation – OTAs –
CFOAs – active filters – oscillator circuits – oscillator with RC feedback circuits (RC and
LC) – relaxation oscillators – linear and non-linear oscillators – 555 timer as an oscillator
– IC voltage regulators – Evolution of ICs –CCDs.
2.
Analog Electronics II:
Op-amp-comparators and controls-noise in comparator circuits – zero – crossing
detectors with hysteresis – voltage level detectors – precision comparators-biomedical
11
application-window detector-voltage to current converters – current to voltage
converters-current amplifier – temperature to voltage converts-multivibrators-clipping
and clamping circuits – D/A and A/D converters.
3.
Transducer:
Classification – selection of a transducer – Strain gauge – displacement transducer
(Capacitive, inductive, differential transformer, photo electric and Piezoelectric
transducers) – Strain flow measurements – Thermistor and thermo couple based
thermometers for measuring temperature.
4.
Digital Electronics
Introductory digital concepts-overview of logic functions – fixed function integrated
circuits – programmable logic devices – FPGAs – functions of combinational logic – flip
flops and related devices – counters – shift registers – memory and storage –
introduction to microprocessors, computers and buses – integrated circuit technologies.
5.
Electronics For Nuclear Devices
Preamplifier – A.D-DC
convert – pulse shaper – isolator – high range gamma
survey meter circuit – scintillation dose rate meter – scintillator photodiode x-ray
detector – pocket monitor – general purpose contamination monitor – discriminator –
single channel analyzer – linear gate – time to amplitude converter.
RAD 813: Radiation Physics
1.
Atomic Structure:
Structure of matter – atom – nucleus – atomic mass and energy units – distribution of
orbital electrons – atomic energy levels – nuclear forces – nuclear energy levels – particle
radiation – Electro magnetic radiation – Binding energy – General properties of alpha,
beta and gamma rays.
2.
Nuclear Transformations:
Laws of equilibrium – theory of alpha, beta decay and gamma emission – electron
capture – internal conversion – nuclear isomerism – nuclear reactions – natural and
artificial radioactivity – reactor and cyclotron produced isotopes – fission products.
3.
Interaction of Radiation with matter:
Ionization – Thomson Scattering – photoelectric and Compton process and energy
absorption – air production – Attenuation coefficient and mass energy absorption
coefficient – relative importance of various types of interactions – interaction of charged
particles with matter – interaction of neutron with matter – scattering – capture –
neutron induced nuclear reaction. HVL, TVL
12
4.
Dosimetric Concepts and Quantities:
Introduction – exposure – Roentgen – photon fluence and energy fluence – KERMA –
Kerma and absorbed dose – CEMA – Absorbed dose – stopping power – relationship
between the dosimetric quantities – cavity theory. Bremsstrahlung radiation, Bragg’s
curve.
5.
Radiation Dosimeters:
Introduction – Properties of dosimeters – Theory of gas filed ionization chamber – GM
counter – working and different uses – recovery time and dead time – quenching –
scintillation detectors – ionization camber dosimetry systems – film dosimetry –
luminescence dosimetry – semiconductor dosimetry – diamond dosimetry – Gel
dosimetry – primary standards.
RAD 820: Non-Ionizing Radiation Physics
1.
Review of Nonionising Radiation Physics in Medicine
Different sources of Non Ionising radiation-their physical; properties – first law of
photochemistry-Law of reciprocity – Electrical Impedance and Biological Impedance –
Principle and theory of thermography – applications
2.
Tissue Optics:
Various types of optical radiations – UV, visible and IR sources – Lasers: Theory and
mechanism – Laser Surgical Systems-Measurement of fluence from optical sources –
Optical properties of tissues – theory and experimental techniques-interaction of laser
radiation
with
tissues
–
photothermal
–
photochemical
–
photoablation
–
electromechanical effect.
3.
Mediphotonics:
Lasers in dermatology, oncology and cell biology – Application of ultrafast pulsed lasers
in medicine and biology – Lasers in blood flow measurement – Fiber optics in medicine
– microscopy in medicine – birefringence – fluorescence microscope – confocal
microscope – Hazards of lasers and their safety measures.
4.
Medical Ultrasound:
Production, properties and propagation of ultrasonic waves – Bioacoustics – Acoustical
characteristics of human body – Ultrasonic Dosimetry – Destructive and nondestructive
tests – Cavitation – Piezo electric receivers, thermoelectric probe – Lithotropy – High
power ultrasound in theraphy.
5.
Radiofrequency and Microwave:
Production and properties – interaction mechanism of RF and mirocwaves with
biological systems: Thermal and non-thermal effects on whole body, lens and
13
cardiovascular systems – tissue characterization and Hyperthermia and other
applications. Biomagnetism – Effects – applications.
RAD 841: Radiotherapy Equipment
1.
Telegamma Machines:
Co-60 and Cs-137 as teletherapy sources – source containers – international source
capsule – effect of penumbra – Types of collimators – beam directing devices – Different
Source Shutter Systems – quality Assurance of telegamma units.
2.
Linear Accelerators
Components of modern linear accelerator – Standing and traveling wave guides,
Magnetrons and Klystrons.
Bending Magnet, Target, Flattening filter, Collimators.
Need for high quality portal imaging – Fluoroscopic, diode, crystal, Ionization chamber
detectors and film detectors, amorphous silicon – Diagnostic imaging on a linear
accelerator – portal dose images, Portal Dosimetry. Telecobalt Vs Linacs
3.
Radiotherapy Simulators
Conventional simulators – CT simulators – cone beam CT simulators (CBCT) –
comparison and quality assurance of simulators – different simulation techniques –
Orthogonal, Semi-orthogonal, Isocentric, Variable angle and Stereo-Shift.
4.
Brachytherapy:
Introduction – Manual pre-loading systems – manual after loading systems – remote
after loading systems – source trains (fixed and programmable)- stepping source –
different types of applicators (gynecological, esophageal, nasopharngeal, bronchial) and
templates introduction to computerized brachytherapy planning.
5.
Advanced Radiotherapy Equipments
Superficial X-ray therapy units – Gamma knife – cyber knife – Intra operative radiation
therapy units – Tomotherapy – Neutron therapy – boron neutron capture therapy
(BNCT) – particle accelerators – proton therapy – carbon ion therapy.
RAD 844: Clinical Radiotherapy
1.
Calibration of Teletherapy Units
IAEA TRS 398 protocolfor the calibration of teletherapy units – comparison with earlier
protocols – calibration for the cobalt telegamma units – cross calibration of the chambers
– calibration of High Energy photon beams – calibration for electron beams. IAEA TLD
postal inter comparison.
14
2.
Beam Data Measurements and Quality Assurance
Measurements of percentage depth dose and profiles photon beams and electron beams
– use of various detectors in relative dosimetry – measurements of conventional and
dynamic wedge profiles – Quality assurance of treatment planning systems IAEA TRS
430 protocol.
3.
Radiation Treatment Planning Parameters
Build – up, central axis depth doses for different energies and their determination –
Tissue Air Ratio, Tissue Maximum Ratio and Tissue Phantom Ratio – their relationship –
black scatter factor phantom scatter factor – collimator scatter factor – source to surface
distance – dependence of SSD – isocentre – SAD treatment techniques.
4.
Planning Algorithms
Photon beam algorithm – Pencil Beam Algoorithm, Collapsed Cone Convolution,
Analytical Anisotropic Algebraic Algorithm – Monte carlo – Comparison of algorithms –
generalized pencil beam algorithms and electron montecarlo algorithms – dose
calculation algorithms in brachytherapy.
5.
Treatment Planning Aspects:
Treatment positioning – immobilization – patient data acquisition from CT and MRI
registration – fusion – contouring – delineation of tumour volumes – correction for
contour irregularities – correction for body inhomogenities – tissue compensation –
wedge filters – blocks – Overview of Conventional, Conformal and IMRT treatment
planning.
RAD 845: Brachytherapy
1.
Physics of Brachytherapy
Evolution of brachytherapy – different types of brachytherapy – based on the dose rate,
(LDR, MDR, HDR, PDR) based on techniques (Intracavity, interstitial, intraluminal and
surface mould) – temporary and permanent implants.
2.
Radionuclides and Their Properties
Introduction – properties of ideal radionuclide – production and construction of sealed
source – Radium (needles), Cobalt – 60 (HDR and LDR), Cesium – 137 (LDR), Gold-198
(LDR seeds), Iridium – 192 (HDR and LDR), Ioodine – 125 (LDR seeds), Cesium-131
(LDR seeds) – Californium – 252.
3.
Dosimetry
Source specification – source calibration using in air set up, well-type chambers and
solid phantoms – self absorption and attenuation in sources – TG43 dosimetry formalism
– Monte Carlo based source dosimetry – manual dosimetric calculations – Manchester,
15
Quimby and Paris systems – ICRU – 38 and 58 – optimization methods – Quality
Assurance.
4.
Advanced Brachytherapy Systems
Partial breast irradiation using balloon catheter – intra-operative Brachytherapy –
Integrated brachytherapy unit – electronic brachytherapy – micro brachytherapy.
5.
Non Oncological Applications
Introduction – intravascular brachytherapy – sources used for intravascular
brachytherapy – delivery devices – current status – Strontium – 90 Opthalmic
applicators – treatment planning and delivery.
16
RAD 838: Imaging in Radiation Oncology
Radiographic Image: Films and screens used in radiation ocology and their properties.
Simulator: Components, principle of operation (technical factors, radiographic contrast –
subject contrast, film contrast, influencing factors etc. -, recorded details (details of unsharpness,
distortion, exposure latitude, scatter influence etc), typical uses in radiation oncology, typical
examples.
CT: Introduction to CT and differences between the diagnostic and planning CT, basic
procedures for imaging and to identify the CTV-PTVs and OARs, ontological practice for the
choice of CT margins for different cancers, image reconstruction, Contrast scale system – Image
display and image quality considerations, image transfer procedures, CT number and its uses in
radiation therapy.
CT-Simulator: Components, principles of image formation, CT acquisition controls and effects
on image. CT image processing controls, Filming images, DRR, reformatting in 3D, concept of
Virtual simulation, image transfer procedures.
Portal Imaging: Electronic portal imaging (image acquisition – cine/double exposure – image
manipulation and display, image management/storage, Picture Archiving and Communication
Systems (PACS0.
Other Imaging Modalities (PET, MRI): Description of each imaging modality, principles of
image formation, advantages and disadvantages of the procedures, image fusion, Advantages
of fused images.
RAD 837: Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
1.
Action of Radiation on Living Cells
Target theory – single hit and multi hit target theory – other theories of cell inactivation
– concepts of micro dosimetry – direct and indirect action – radicals and molecular
products – cellular effects of radiations – in activations – division delay – DNA damage
– depression of macromolecular synthesis – giant cells – chromosomal damage – point
mutations.
2.
Cell Response to irradiation and Its Radiosensitivity
Cell survival parameters – in vitro and in vivo experiments on mammalian cell systems
– RBE – response – modifiers – LET, oxygen, cell stage – recovery mechanism radio
protective and radio sensitizing chemicals – radiometric substances – chemical
mutagenesis – effects of UV, microwave and other non-ionizing radiations.
3.
Somatic Effects of Radiation
17
Bergonis – Tribondeau law – radio sensitivity protocol of different tissues in human
LD50/30 – effect of radiation on skin – blood forming organs, lenses of eyes, blood
constitutes, embryo, digestive tract, endocrine glands, gonads, dependence of effect on
dose, dose rate, type and energy of radiation syndrome – effects of chronic exposure to
radiation – radiation carcinogenesis – shortening of life span – risk estimates.
4.
Genetic Effects of Radiations
Threshold and linear dose – effect relationship – factors affecting frequency of radiation
induced mutations recessive and dominant mutations – gene controlled hereditary
diseases – human data on animals and lower species – doubling dose and its influence of
genetic equilibrium.
5.
Radiobiological Basis of Radiotherapy
Tumor growth kinetics – rational of fractionation – problem of hypoxic compartment
and quiescent cells- radiobiology of malignant neoplasm – solution of hypoxic cell
sanitizers, hyperthermia, recourse to high LET radiation – combination of chemotherapy
and radiotherapy – chronoradiobiology and its applications to get better cure – problem
of tumor regression.
Actions of Radiation on Living Cells: Elements of cell biology – mechanisms of cell
killings – Radiation chemistry of water concepts of cell death – Free radicals and
molecular products – Cellular effects of radiation – Structure of DNA and DNA damage
– Apoptosis and reproductive Cell death.
Cell Cycle: Synchronous and asynchronous cells – Autoradiography – mitotic harvest
and related techniques – effects of ionizing radiation at molecular and cellular levels –
secondary effects – Radiosensitivity at different phases of the cell cycle – 4 R’s in
radiotherapy: repair, redistribution and reassortment in the cell cycle, re-oxygenation.
Target Theory: Single hit and multiple hit theory – other theories of cell inactivation.
Bacterial and mammalian cell survival curves L-Q model – Physics and Biological
factors affecting cell survival – Tumor regrowth – Normal tissue response.
Radiobiological Models: Strandqust’s iso effect curve – NSD and CRE – Time dose
fractionation TDF – Basis for dose fractionation in radiotherapy – L-Q approach –
different fractionation schemes – TCP, NTCP models.
Genetic Effects of Radiation: Classification of mutations – Recessive and dominant
mutations – Chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations – induction of mutation by
radiation – Doubling dose – Genetic disorders and hereditary diseases.
18
Non-Tumorous Effects of Radiation: Bergonie Tribondeau law – radiosensitivity protocol of
different tissues – LD 50/30 – effects of radiation on skin, Lymphatic and hematopoetic systems,
Brain, Pituitary and adrenal glands, Central Nervous Systems, Eyes, thyroid, Lungs, Liver, GI
tract, Urinary systems, reproductive organs, Embryo, and foetus, Connective tissue and muscle
– Late effects of Partial and whole body radiation – Acute radiation Syndrome – Counter
measures for handling severe radiation damage cases.
Radiobiological Basis of Radiotherapy: Tumour growth kinetics – rationale of fractionation –
Hypoxic cell – hypoxic cell sensitizers, such as HBO, Hyperthermia, high LET radiation –
Combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy – Radiosensitisers and radioprotectors.
RAD 834: External Beam Therapy Physics (Radiotherapy and Radiography Physics)
Physics of Photon Beams: Beam Output: Definition and measurement of output and output
factors, collimator and phantom scatter factors (for all beam qualities). Central axis depth dose
profile in water: description of the profile regions as a function of beam quality: Build up region
characteristics – influence of beam quality, electro contamination, field size, accessories, SSD,
surface dose, concept of skin sparing.
Transient equilibrium (TE) region characteristics –
influence of: inverse square law and attenuation, primary and scatter, beam quality, SSD, field
size.
Therapy Dosimetric Quantities And Isodose Distributions: Fixed SSD (or FSD), non-standard
SSD and isocentric approaches and the appropriate dosimetric quantities – percentage depth
dose, tissue or scatter phantom ratio/tissue or scatter maximum ratio, relationship between
these quantities, measurement method and typical values. Mayneord F factor and limitations,
isodose profiles, multiple field isodose distributions and rotation therapy (for Co-60 units).
Cross – Beam Profile in Water: Profile and off-axis ratio, physical and geometric
characterization of field size, penumbra etc, their relationship, flatness and symmetry, influence
of geometry, collimator transmission, scatter and electron transport etc on the beam profiles.
Beam Limiting Devices: Creation of rectangular fields, concept of Equivalent field sizes,
method of determination, dose under the blocks and in the penumbra region.
Beam Modifiers: Shielding, wedge filters, wedge angle, wedge factors, wedge beam profiles,
bolus and compensators.
Dose Calculation Methods: Treatment time or monitor unit calculations for open fields,
wedged fields and blocked fields and multiple fields – Clarkson’s method for blocked and
irregular fields.
19
Quality Assurance: QA of Co-60 unit and conventional linacs (Acceptance Testing, Routine QA
and commissioning measurements).
Physics of Electron Beams: Definition and measurement of output and cutout factors.
Central Axis Depth Dose Profile in Water: Description of the profile regions as a function of
beam quality, comparison with photon beam profiles, inverse square law (virtual source
position), range concept.
PDD Profile Characteristics: influence of scatter and finite range on the PDD parameters, how
PDD varies with field size, SSD, beam quality etc., breammstrahlung (from linac & the medium)
and its influence on the tail of the distribution, - variation in range, dose gradient and
bremmstrahlung, field size – relation to field size and range. Range parameters of percentage
depth dose – Practical range Rp, therapeutic depth R80 – R90, Half value depth R50.
Cross-beam Profile in Water: Profile and off-axis ratio, correspondence with geometric field
size, flatness and symmetry, penumbra region description – influence of collimator skin
distance, shape of isodose curves and their influence on treatment, residual dose under shields
(geometry, collimator transmission, scatter and electron transport).
Dose Calculation Methods: Treatment time or monitor unit calculations for delivery of dose to
therapeutic depth.
RAD 839: Radiation Hazard Assessment Evaluation and Control
1.
Radiation Doses
Doses to the population from natural and man-made sources Reactor fall out and
weapon fall out – philosophy behind radiation protection and basic concepts governing
radiation
protection
regulations.
ICRP
–
historical
background
and
its
recommendations – factors governing external and internal exposures – concept of
critical organs and tissues at risk – derived air concentration and water levels for
different radio nuclides and ALI limits for different radio nuclides.
2.
Evaluation and External Radiation
Effects of time, distance, shielding – shielding materials – different barrier thickness
calculations – definition of working conditions – personnel and area monitoring rules
and instruments.
3.
Planning for Radionuclide labs in Hospitals
Classification of radio nuclide labs – control of contamination – bioassay and air
monitoring – disaster monitoring, radiation accidents – protective equipment – waste
disposal rules and facilities.
20
4.
Radionuclide Procurement and ICRP/AERB Recommendation: Records maintenance –
transportation of radio nuclides – facilities for storage – administrative aspects of
radiation protection – internal control, third party liability and insurance in the nuclear
field – AERB safety requirements – atomic energy act, radiation protection rules, routine
protection survey of radiological installations.
5.
Evaluation of Work Load:
Occupancy and use factors in diagnostic x-ray departments and teletherapy
departments – quality assurance of radiation equipment – diagnostic X-ray department
planning – protection regulation in fluoroscopy, radiography equipment, dental
radiography and their uses – planning of teletherapy departments – teletherapy
equipment adequacies – planning of brachytherapy departments – storage facilities –
usage regulations – L bench and required handling equipments – leakage tests.
Introduction: Benefits of radiation to society and radiation risks, meaning of risk as biological
harm to the exposed individual. Risk in proper perspective. Natural and manmade sources of
radiation. History of radiation protection, important committees related to radiation protection.
Categorization of Exposures: Components of natural background and typical doses received by
the public. Medical Exposures, public exposure and occupational exposures and how they
differ from one another.
Dose Quantities: Radiation protection quantities for external exposures: Organ dose, equivalent
dose, effective dose. Radiation weighting factors, tissue weighting factors, difference between
organ equivalent dose, units (conventional and SI and the relationship).
Radiation Protection Quantities for Internal Exposures: Committed equivalent dose,
Committed effective dose. Units for the quantities in conventional units (rad, rem), in SI units
(Gy.Sv) and the relationship secondary quantities: Annual Limit of intake, Derived air
concentrations units in conventional units (Ci) and in SI units (Bq) and the relationship. Group
or population exposure: Collective equivalent dose, Collective effective dose.
Operational Quantities: Workplace monitoring: Ambient dose equivalent – definition and
realization. Personal monitoring: Personal dose equivalent – definition and realization.
Basic Principles of Dose Limitation: Stockastic and non-stochastic risks, with examples of the
biological effects. Characteristics of the two types of risks. Risks at low doses and high doses.
Meaning of acute, chronic, potential and accidental exposures. ALARA concept. Concept of
Justification/Optimization in all categories of exposure with examples.
Concept
of dose
limitation in occupational and public exposure. Special limit for pregnant radiation workers.
Reason for different limits for the radiation workers and the general public. Risk involved in
these exposures. Meaning of dose constraints and guidance level doses in medical exposures.
21
Basic Principles of Dose Reduction (Or Hazards Control): role of Time/Distance/Shielding
(TVL, HVL concept) in dose reduction for external exposures.
Regulatory Aspects: Role of AERB in radiation regulations, Atomic energy Act and RPR. AERB
Dose limits, safety guides and regulatory forms, QA documents and concerned regulations in
diagnostic and therapeutic applications of radiation. Duties of radiation Safety officer.
Radiation Protection in Radiotherapy: Safety features of radiotherapy equipment. Typical
treatment room layout, classification of working areas, function of maze, duct provision for
cables, choice of shielding materials and their properties.
Safety features (warming lights,
visual and audio communication, interlock mechanisms, emergency shutoff, door warning
signs etc). Source transfer and unit decommissioning procedures (Co-60 unit), Emergency
preparedness and Accidents prevention.
Shielding Concepts: Workload, use factor, occupancy factor, primary barrier, secondary barrier
– for leakage and scatter -, estimation of barrier thickness. Neutron shielding considerations
(barrier thickness, door design, induced activity, ozone production etc), worked examples of
calculations for external beam facilities, Radiation survey considerations, typical doses received
by the radiation workers.
Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology: Safety features of X-ray diagnose equipment.
Typical treatment room layout, Classification of working areas, safety features, X-ray room
designs, Shielding calculations, worked examples, Patient protection and staff protection in
diagnostic radiology, radiation survey and typical staff exposures,
specific issues of
occupational radiation protection in high dose procedures.
Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine: ALI and DAc for different radionuclides –
Classification and requirements of Nuclear medicine labs – Handling tools – Protection
equipments – fume hood and its necessity – Control of internal hazards – Use of whole body
counters in radiation protection – Contamination and decontamination procedures – Discharge
levels for patients – Classification of radioactive wastes and disposal methods for solid, liquid
and gaseous effluents – management of radioactive wastes – layout of a nuclear medicine lab. –
Emergency preparedness in nuclear medicine.
Transportation of Radioactive Materials: Special forms of radioactive materials and non
special forms – Types of packages and package tests – Approval requirements – Exempted
radioactive materials – Packaging and shipments – Forwarding – Storage and transport of
packages – transport index – Transport trolley design for interdepartmental transport –
transport containers.
Personnel Monitoring Devices: Integrated and differential dosimeters – Film badges, TLD
badges, Pocket dosimeters, their physical principles, construction features, advantages and
22
disadvantages, calibration and use in terms of operational quantities, typical dose received by
radiation workers.
Area Monitoring Devices: Gas filled detectors – construction of a simple gas filled detector,
pulse height and voltage characteristics of the detector, identification of different regions of
operation, and use, bock diagram of the readout systems for the detectors, dead time of GM,
estimation, paralyzable and non paralyzable dead time, choice of detectors for different fields
and different types of radiations (X, gamma, beta, neutron etc.), Solid state detectors –
Semicoductor and scintillation detectors, their principle, construction and use, calibration and
use in terms of operational quantities.
Calibration of radiation protection monitors (area
monitors and personal monitors) in terms of exposure, air karma and operational quantities.
RAD 827: Microwaves, Lasers and Environmental Noise
1.
Laser Characteristic as Applied to Medicine and Biology:
Laser tissue interaction – photophysical process – photobiological process – absorption
by biological systems – different types of interactions – thermal – photochemical (one
photo and multiphoton) – electro mechanical photo ablative process.
2.
Studies of Cell Biological Functions and Structure using Lasers: Optical properties of
tissues (normal and tumor) – experimental methods to determine the reflectance,
transmittance, absorption and emission properties of tissues. Laser systems in medicine
and biology – Ruby – Nd-YAG, Ar ion, CO2, Excimer – Gold vapour laser – beam
delivery system and control.
3.
Surgical Applications of Lasers: Evaporation and excitation techniques – sterilization –
hemostasis – laryngeal surgery – cancer surgery – liver surgery – stomach surgery –
gynecological surgery – urological surgery – cardiac surgery.
4.
Lasers in Ophthalmology:
Dermatology – dentistry – trace elements detection – laser induced fluorescence studies
– cancer diagnosis – photo radiation therapy of tumors – lasers in genetic engineering.
5.
Holographic and Speckle Applications in Medicine and Biology: protection standards
for lasers – safety regulations – specific precautions – medical surveillance.
RAD 836: Industrial Radiography and NDT
1.
Radiation Sources:
X-ray source – Coolidge tube – equipment controls – kV and mA and their influence eattenuation of radiation – photoelectric effect – rayleigh scattering – Compton effect –
pair production – focal spot, optical focus – radiography equivalence – gamma ray
sources – characteristics – curie, roentgen, Gray, rhm, Sievert – natural and artificial
sources – advantages and disadvantages of artificial sources.
23
2.
Image Formation:
Recording mediums – structure of a film – theory of image formation – characteristics of
films – characteristic curves – film processing – effect of temperature, concentration of
developer, developing time etc., on film development, contrast and density – types of
film – selection of a film for a specific application.
3.
Exposure and Exposure Time and Estimation:
Density of a radiograph – X-ray exposure charts – preparation of charts – its applications
– gamma ray exposure charts and their preparation – contrast and definition – factors
affecting contrast and definition – screens for radiographs, types, applications of screens
– care of screens – percentage sensitivity and its meaning – image quality indicators –
different types – sensitivity and equivalent sensitivity calculations.
4.
Testing Methods for Different Applications:
Inspection of flat plates, curved plates, complex shapes – inspection of welds – arc welds
– fillet (single, double) – corner, lap joints – resistance welds – tubular sections – DWDI,
DWSI, SWSI techniques – motion radiography – types of flaws and their appearance in
castings and welds.
5.
Neutron Radiography:
Sources of neutron – nuclear reactors, readioactive sources and accelerators –
characteristics of sources and their capabilities – flux density, energy range and
applications – classification of neutrons – thermal, slow and fast neutrons – neutron
radiography methods – direct exposure, transfer methods and real time methods –
applications – different between neutron radiography and X-ray radiography and
gamma radiography.
Radiation sources: X-ray source – Coolidge tube – Equipment controls – kV and mA and their
influence – Attenuation of radiation – Photoelectric effect – Rayleigh scattering – Compton
effect – pair production – Focal spot, optical focus – Radiography equivalence – Gamma ray
sources – characteristics – curie, roentgen, rad, rhm, rem-natural and artificial sources –
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial sources.
Image Formation: Recording media – Structure of a film – theory of image formation –
characteristics of films – characteristic curves – film processing – effect of temperature,
concentration of developer, developing time etc., on film development, contrast and density –
Types of film – Selection of a film for a specific application.
Exposure and Exposure Time Estimation: Density of a radiograph – X-ray exposure charts –
Preparation of charts – its applications – Gamma ray exposure charts and their preparation –
contrast and definition – Factors affecting contrast and definition – Screens for radiographs,
24
types, applications of screens – Care of screens – Percentage sensitivity and its meaning – image
quality indicators – different types – Sensitivity and equivalent sensitivity calculations.
Testing Methods for Different Applications: Inspection of flat plates, curved plates, complex
shapes – inspection of welds – Arc welds – Tubular sections – DWDI, DWSI, SWSI techniques –
Motion radiography – Types of flaws and their appearance in castings and welds.
Neutron Radiography: Sources of neutron – Neutron – Nuclear reactors, radioactive sources
and accelerators – characteristics of sources and their capabilities – flux density, energy range
and applications – Classification of neutrons – Thermal, slow and fast neutrons – Neutron
radiography methods – Direct exposure, transfer methods and real time methods – applications
– difference between neutron radiography and x-ray radiography and gamma radiography.
Radiation Safety in Industrial Radiography: Safety features of radiography equipment,
radiation protection a specs in site – radiography, principles of dose reduction, safety and
security of sources, layout of typical shield enclosures, classification of areas, monitoring of
workplace and radiography personal, transport of industrial radiography sources, radiation
levels around source containers, management of radiography accidents, duties of radiation
safety officer in industrial radiography, AERB regulations relating to industrial radiography.
RAD 805: Advanced Concepts in Medical Imaging
Advanced
psychology
in
radiography,
Transactional/conversational
analysis
as
communication patterns in radiography. Effect of obstetric sonography on maternal foetal
bonding, illness-wellness continuum, Health care policy formation, Patient information
management and team work, How do ethics affect our patients and our practice? Creation of 3D
images Digital imaging, Quality management in radiology. Interpretation of CT, MRI, RNI and
images of other advanced imaging modalities.
RAD 825: Air Pollution From Fossil Fueled Industrial Processes and Acrossed Physics,
Environmental Pollution
1.
Environment – An Overview:
Studying the Environmental – environmental Segments – atmosphere, hydrosphere,
lithosphere, pedosphere and biosphere – Ecosystem and Biogeochemical cycle –
Environmental problems.
2.
Air Pollution:
Introduction – Effect of air pollution – Acid rain and its impact – Sampling of air
pollutants – Analysis of air pollutants – LIDAR theory – air pollution control – control of
gaseous pollutants.
3.
Water Pollution:
25
Types, sources and effects of water pollution – Groundwater pollution – impact of water
pollution on aquatic ecosystem – Samples and sampling – dissolved oxygen (DO) –
analytical techniques in water analysis – Caorimetric analysis – Spectral methods of
analysis – Determination of radioactivity in water – Waste water treatment: Primary
treatment – Secondary (biological) treatment – Tertiary (or advance) treatment.
4.
Energy & Nuclear Pollution:
Uses of energy – Non-renewable and renewable – energy sources – energy conservation
– Fossil fuels, oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear power plants – hydroelectric energy –
Geothermal energy – Solar energy – Tidal energy – wind power – Energy from waste –
Nuclear fusion– disposal of nuclear waste – Nuclear energy and the environment.
5.
Soil & Noise Pollution:
Nutrients in the soil – soil chemistry – pollution – sound and noise – kinds of sounds –
sources of noise – noise abatement.
Air Pollution and Management: Atmosphere – Composition – Structure – Elemental properties
of atmosphere – Sources and classification – particulate and gaseous pollutants – Effects of air
pollutants on human, animal and vegetation. Global effects – Green house effect – Acid rain –
chemical and photochemical reactions in atmosphere – Ozone depletion. Control methods and
equipments – Particulate matter, emission control gravitational setting – Cyclone separators,
fabric filters – Wet scrubber, electrostratic precipitators.
Water Pollution and Management: Hydrological cycle – Physico-chemical properties of water –
Pollution parameters – TSS, BOD, COD, Coliform bacteria – Water born diseases – Effects of
water pollution on aquatic system – Health effects. Treatment of water for drinking purpose –
Primary, Secondary treatment – Sludge disposal. Water shed management – Water harvesting
and recycling – Water planning and management.
Soil Pollution and Solid Waste Management: Organic and inorganic components soil – Acid,
base and ion exchange in soil – Soil pollution – Agriculture chemicals. Hazardous wastes –
Classification – Management, segregation and recovery.
Municipal solid wastes –
Characterization – Resources, recovery and recycling – composting – Vermi composting and
sanitary land fills.
Environmental Biochemistry and Chemical Taxicology: Fundamentals of biochemistry –
Routes of toxic substances through the body – Metabolism of toxic substances – Disturbance of
enzyme action – Biochemical effect – As, Hg, Pb, CN, COx, SOx, NOx, O3, PAN, pesticides –
mutageneis – Teratogenesis – Carcinoenesis – Human exposure to toxic substances in the
atmosphere.
26
Bredox Equilibria and Complexation in Natural Waters and Waste Waters: Significance of
Redox equilibria – electrode potential, pE and Nemst equation – chemical equilibrium – pe
values in natural aquatic systems – pE-pH diagram – Nitrogen system in water. Complexation –
Chelating agents – Specificity in chelation – Calculatio of species concentration in solutions –
Complexation by deprotonated and protonated ligands – Pb by NTA – Reactions of chelating
agents with M(OH)x, Sparingly soluble salts – Polyphosphates in water – Complexation and
Redox equilibria.
Environmental Biodegradation and Bioremediation: Biodegradation: Introduction – Kinetics –
Xenobiotics – Organisms involved in the
biodegradation of chlorinated HC, substituted
aromatic compounds – Pesticides, surfactants and microbial treatment of oil pollution.
Bioremediation: Introduction – Oxygen enhancement strategies, alternate electron acceptor
strategies, Nutrient enhancement strategies – Phytoermediation.
Bioreporter technology –
Bioluminescence and fluorescence – Advantages and disadvantages – applications.
RAD 833: Radiation Standardization and Clinical Dosimetry
Radiation Quantities,, Units, Standards: Fluence, Energy fluence (and ratesof these quantities),
definitionof exposure, air kerma and absorbed dose, Eilibrium dose in air (free space dose), air
kerma strength – with a discussion of other quantities used for brach therapy source
specification -, units for the quantities (converntioal and SI units), definition of absolute
standard and primary standard, realization of primary standards of these quantities (Free Air
ionization chamber, graphite cavity ionization chamber, Graphite calorimeter, water
calorimeter, their design and working principle – Bragg Gray cavity theory, Spencer – Attix
theory, Burtin’s cavity theory.
Unit Dissemination or Traceability: Reference Standard and field class dosimeters. Concept of
traceability and Unit dissemination, through Secondary Standards Dosimetry laboratories
(USSDLs) or Accredited Dosimetric Calibration laboratories (ADCLs) and method of offering
traceable calibration to the users. Calibration and use of ionization chambers in radiotherapy
dosimetry with examples.
Clinical Dosimetric Systems: Definition of a dosimetric system (dosimeter + reader), common
characteristics – accuracy, precision, linearity, dose rate dependence, energy dependence,
directional dependence, spatial resolution and convenience of use.
Photon Dosimetry Protocols: Introduction – Discussion of the conventional formalism for the
determination of absorbed dose to water under reference conditions and the problems involved
in extending to higher energies and for electron beams, Extension of the B-G and S-A formalism
for a non-ideal ionization chamber and a discussion of the various correction factors, effective
point and geometric point concept for a therapy level ionization chamber. Derivation of the
27
IAEA protocol equation and a discussion of the Nk and NDW based formalisms (IAEA 277 and
IAEA 398 protocols).
Mention AAPM protocols and differences w.r.t. IAEA protocols,
discussion of beam quality specification, reference conditions, reference dose determination,
determination of dose at dmax,. Beam calibration problems.
Electron Dosmetry Protocols: Application of the dosimetry equation to electrons beams.
Discuss the differences between photon and electron beam dosimetry.
Beam quality
specification for electron beams. Difference between depth – ionization curve and depth-dose
curve. Range parameters for the electron beam depth-dose profile and various relationships
relating energy and depth parameters. Classification of electron beams into low and high
energy electron beams and their dosimetry differences. Reference conditions for dosimetry.
Discussion of TRS 277, TRS 381 and TRS 398 for electron beams. Beam calibration problems.
Discussion of various phantoms used in medical dosimetry.
Ionization Chamber Dosimetric Systems: Design characteristics and uses of the following
chambers in clinical dosimetry – therapy level ionization chamber, farmer and farmer type
chambers and their particulars, plane parallel (PP) ionization chamber, Extrapolation chamber,
Transmission chamber, well type ionization chamber.
Basic principles of low current
measurement, rate mode and integrating mode of operation of a low current measuring system
(electrometer), important corrections for the chamber and the electrometer, desirable
characteristics of these ionization chamber, simple problems to solve.
Chemical Dosimetric Systems: Composition of the Fricke dosimeter, working principle,
definition of G value, comparison between the response factor of a chemical dosimeter and an
ionization chamber, method of determination of the G value, Dose equation of a Fricke
dosimeter in terms of Absorbance, principles of the reader system (spectrophotometer) and its
calibration, calibration of the whole system (dosimeter + the reader system) in terms of
absorbed dose per unit absorbance, its range of use. Other chemical dosimetric systems.
Gel Dosimetric Systems: Composition, its response to radiation, typical characteristics,
advantages and disadvantages, reader system, commonly used chemical dosimeters, use in
radiotherapy as a 3D dosimeter.
Film Based Dosimetric Systems: Radiographic Film structure, composition, its response to
radiation, Principles of film processing – Developing, fixing, rinsing and drying -, reader
system, commonly used films – PPL, XTL, XV-2, EDR, EDR2 – and their comparison, their
availability and use in radiotherapy.
Radiochromic Films: Film structure, composition, its response to radiation, characteristics,
advantages and disadvantages, reader system, commonly used radiochromic films and their
availability, use in radiotherapy.
28
Solidstate
Dosimetric
Systems:
Semiconductor
dosimetric
systems:
Principles
of
semiconductor dosimeter, construction details, typical characteristics, buildup cap requirements
for bare semiconductor dosimeters, typical sensitivity, advantages and disadvantages, use in
radiotherapy.
Mosfet Dosimetric Systems: Design of Mosfet dosimeter, dosimeter response to radiation, its
typical characteristics, buildup cap requirements for high energy dosimetry, reader system,
typical sensitivity, advantages and disadvantages, use in radiotherapy.
hermoluminescence Dosimetric Systems: Principles of themoluminescence, Glow curve and its
characteristics, Dose response and supralinearity, fading and desirable temperature peak range
for dosimetry, read out procedure and principles of TLD reader, annealing procedure, TLD
availability in different forms, commonly used TLDs and comparison of their properties, use in
diagnosis and therapy.
RAD 832: Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning:
Target Volume Definition and Dose Prescription Critieria (ICRU 50 and ICRU 62): Gross
tumor volume (GTV), Clinical target volume (CTV), Planning target volume (PTV), Dose
prescription point, isodose line or isodose surface. Marking of CTV/PTV on CT slices, Choice
of margin PTV-CTV for different sites.
Dose Modeling and Treatment Planning: Single field dose distribution, parameters influencing
isodose curves and isodose surfaces, combination of fields, wedged and angled fields,
Corrections for SSD, missing tissue and in homogeneities, dose specification and normalization.
Photon Beam Treatment Planning: TPS hardware, Acquisition of machine data, common
algorithms – Convolution, superposition, pencil beam – Single plane treatment plans,
multiplane treatment plans, non-coplanar plans, treatment planning with asymmetric
collimators, treatment planning with dynamic wedge, Treatment planning with multileaf
collimators (MLCs), compensator design, 3-D treatment planning, forward vs. inverse planning.
Clinical Photon Beams: Patient Application: Patient data acquisition with flat table top
(landmarks for patient set-up, contours, images-Plain film, EPID, Ct, MRI, PET-CT images,
delineation of targets and organs at risk, calculation of CT numbers for density correction, data
transfer.
Conventional Simulator Techniques: Positioning/immobilization, use of contrast, markets etc.,
localization of PTV, OAR, simulation of treatment beams (skin marking, light field, lasers),
orthogonal X-rays, with known magnification factor, specific landmarks for linking with
external contours, standard density values for inhomogeneities.
29
CT Simulator Techniques: Scout view images, Virtual simulation, Digitally reconstructed
radiographs.
Dose Planning: Skin dose, field matching, integral dose, Dose Volume Histograms (DVH) –
Different (direct) and integral (cumulative), CT data transfer and processing, Beam positioning
(BEV, DRR), Plan display, 3D display, DVH, Biological indices (NCP, NTCP), Optimization,
dose calculation and display, Dose normalization, dose at selected points, calculation of time or
monitor units.
Treatment Delivery Accessories: Beam directing devices: Front and back pointers, field light
and cross hairs, laser lights, breast bridge, applicators and cones; Beam modification devices:
Bolus, filters – Wedge (physical, universal, dynamic), compensator, beam shaping devices
(standard blocks, custom blocks, MLCs, asymmetric collimators, other), their purpose,
construction and applications, patient positioning devise (couch positioning, arm rest, breast
board, other), immobilization devices (cats, masks, bite blocks, vacuum bags, stereotactic
frames, other), their purpose, construction and applications.
Commissioning
And
QA
of
Treatment
Planning
Systems:
Familiarization
with
documentation, verification and documentation of beam data library, check of geometrical
characteristics of input/output devices, check of relative dose distribution as computed – Single
beam in flat homogeneous phantom for all beam qualities, for the full range of clinical interest
(field sizes, distances, wedge filters conditions), check of calculation of treatment time or
monitor units. TPS QA.
Treatment Techniques: Treatment Techniques: CNS and Brain – Nasopharynx – Head and neck
tumors – Lung tumors – Oesohpagus tumor – Pelvic tumors – Prostate tumors.
RAD 838: Imaging in Radiation Oncology
Radiographic Image: Films and screens used in radiation oncology and their properties.
Simulator: Components, principle of operation (technical factors, radiographic contrast –
subject contrast, film contrast, influencing factors etc, -, recorded details (details of unsharpness,
distortion, exposure latitude, scatter influence eetc.), typical uses in radiation oncology, typical
examples.
CT: Introduction to CT and differences between the diagnostic and planning CT, basic
procedures for imaging and to identify the CTV-PTVs and OARs, ontological practice for the
choice of CT margins for different cancers, image reconstruction, Contrast scale system – Image
display and image quality considerations, image transfer procedures, CT number and its uses in
radiation therapy.
30
CT-Simulator: Components, principles of image formation, CT acquisition controls and effects
on image, CT image processing controls, Filming images, DRR, reformatting in 3D, concept of
Virtual simulation, image transfer procedures.
Portal Imaging: Electronic portal imaging (image acquisition – cine/double exposure -, image
manipulation
and
display,
image
management/storage,
Picture/Archiving
and
Communication systems (PACS).
Other Imaging Modalities (PET, MR): Description of each imaging modality, principles of
image formation, advantages and disadvantages of the procedures, image fusion, advantages of
fused images.
RAD 856:
Health Administration:
Management principles and functions. Leadership Dynamics and supervision. Motivational
theories. Organizational structure. Interpersonal and intersectorial relationships. Performance
evaluation. Industrial and Public relations. Collective bargaining. Inventory, vital Statistics
and records. Budgeting and financial control. Communication processes.
RAD 803:Advanced Computer in Health Sciences:
Operating Systems.
Computer appreciation, soft and hardware mechanisms. Computer
requirements for imaging systems.
Data processing.
Data methods and programming.
Computer aided medical diagnosis.
RAD 802: Professional Posting in Specialty Area:
Laboratory and field based planning development and Validation of knowledge in cognitive,
affective and psychomotor domains applied in the specialty areas.
RAD 807 & RAD 808: Research Seminar:
Course designed to present and analytical framework to enable students focus in a number of
issues in the health field related to their specialty areas. Critical appraisal of health theories.
Application of theories of specific situation. Topics to be approved by supervisor. Presentation
by students at departmental colloquium.
RAD 804: Project Report:
An indepth analysis and thoroughly researched and original presentation of the results of the
project report.
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RAD 812: Electronics, Instrumentation and Maintenance
Specialized
radiographic
equipment
radiological
equipment
installation,
radiological
equipment maintenance component spare parts fabrication. Advanced quality assurance in
radiography.
RAD 813: Image Formation and Processing:
The concept of object and image. Relationship between object and image. Detectors and
detecting problem. The general image processing problem. Discrete representation and models
for imaging systems. The general theory of image restoration. Image sampling. Iterative image
processing. Clinical applications. The eye and the brain as a stage in and imaging system.
Spatial and contrast relationship. Perception of moving images.
Quantitative measures of
investigative performance. Fourier transforms (Temporary and spatial modulation transfer,
function, correlation techniques).
RAD 814: Application of Digital Systems in Imaging:
Advantage of digital techniques. Image quality considerations. Digital imaging methods (film
digitization, digital video fluoroscopy, scanning beam devices) large areas solid state detectors.
Image manipulation in digital radiography: Operations on single and multiple images, multiple
fluoroscopy: Digital angiographic imaging, sub traction techniques.
System components.
Digital scanned projection radiography (computed radiography). Clinical applications and
quality assurance.
RAD 812: Computer Tomography: Principles and Applications:
The principles of sectional imaging. Scanner configurations. Line integrals. Projection sats.
Reconstruction by 2-dimension. Fourier-based solutions; the method of convolution and back
projection. Iterative methods of reconstruction. Clinical applications. Other considerations:
angular sampling requirements.
Dose considerations.
Artifacts, instrumentation.
Quality
assurance.
RAD 815: MRI & Imaging In Nuclear Medicine Radionuclide and Magnetic Resonance
Imaging:
Radiation detectors. Imaging equipment rectilinear scanner. Linear scanner, Gamma camera
multecrystal Singelphoton and PET. Multiwire proportional chamber detectors. Radionuclides
for imaging. The production of radionuclides. The role of computers in radionuclide imaging.
Quality assurance and performance assessment of radioisotope imaging equipment. Clinical
applications: radiopharmaceuticals. Quality control of radiopharmaceuticals, imaging of
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various origins and physiologic processes. Principles and applications of magnetic resonance
imaging. Inter-relationship between MRI and other modalities.
RAD 839: Hazard Assessment from Radioactivity, Oil Spillage, Etc. Released Into
Environment, Evaluation and Control:
Sources of environmental radioactivity, atmospheric discharges and radioactive waste. Hazard
assessment-principles objectives, dose limits, critical pathway analysis, emergency measures
associated with reactor accidents; fission product inventory, proportions released from
overhead fuel, atmospheric dispersion, emergency measures association with reactor accidents;
fission product inventory, proportions released from overhead fuel, atmospheric dispersion,
emergency reference levels and plans. Control measures for oil wells and pipelines. Strategy
for assessing oil spillage monitoring programmes and safety measures.
Sampling and
significance of results.
RAD 825: Air Pollution from – Fuelled Industrial Processes and Aerosol Physics:
Environmental Pollution.
Size of the problem, fuel usage in industry.
Types of air pollutants, measurement of air
pollution.
Methods of reducing pollution-chemical gas
Large scale industrial pollution.
cleaning and chimney design. Nuture of aerosol. Stokes law, settling rates (mondisperse),
relaxation times.
Limits of applicability to aerosol clouds.
Cunningham corrections,
heterogeneous aerosols and differential settler. Accelerated motion. Hidy and brock equations,
laminar and turbulent flow. Brownian motion. Stokes – Einstein diffusivity, root mean square
displacement probability densities in 1, 2, 3 dimension.
Coagulation, Deposition on fixed
sphere by diffusion. Survey of aerosol control devices.
RAD 830: Radiation Protection and Environmental Monitoring:
Systems of dose limitations.
External radiation control; industrial and medical x-ray
installations, gamma and beta sources. Personnel monitoring-film badge, TLD, quartz fibre
electrometers, biological monitoring. Radiation protection in factories and factory regulation.
Administrative procedures and role of international bodies e.g. ICRP Environmental
monitoring.
Monitoring of air, water, soil, food samples, neutral levels.
Comparison of
physical, chemical methods of analysis, applicability and sensitivity. Transport of radioactive
materials, design of packing, transport regulation.
RAD 822: Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Fuel Processing and Reactor Waste:
General survey of present nuclear power production and nuclear fuel resources.
Reactor
physical: neutron induced fission, energy releases, neutron cycle in thermal reactors. Reactor
control and safety of operation.
Shielding and monitoring. Management of nuclear fuel.
33
Transportation to reprocessing plant and irradiated fuel handling. Layout of fuel reprocessing
plant. Plutonium separation and fabrication of new fuel. Classification of radioactive waste
and disposal pathways.
RAD 854: Health Law and Regulation:
Legislation and organization of radiation protection in Nigeria. Anti pollution legislation.
International legislation and organization.
Environmental pollution optimum level and
economic consequences. General principles of Nigerian law, law of tort, contract and
negligence, national, state and local legislations on health policy. Law of equity, Workmen
compensation act and pension scheme. Professional responsibilities and the law. Ethics and
practices. Occupiers liability. Medical confidentiality.
RAD 827: Microwaves, Leasers and Environmental Noise:
Sources of microwaves detection and physical properties,
waves.
propagation of electromagnetic
Radiation of electromagnetic waves and application of Radar and microwave.
Microwave diathermy, lasers, biological hazards and safety limits. General principles of sound,
vibrasion and aerodynamics propagation of sound, transmission, absorption an dinsulation.
Physical control of noise, measurement, DB analysis and presentation of result. Noise hazards,
elementary audiometry, damage risk criteria and bearing protection. Properties and sources of
infrasound and ultrasound. Noise abatement legislation.
RAD 847: Electron Beam Therapy:
Accelerator for producing fast electron beams, interactions with matter, parameters for beams.
Beam distribution in the patient. Methods employed in electron dosimetry. Sealed-source
therapy, production and construction. Sealed-source measurement. External applicators and
moulds. Intestitical therapy. Intracavity rbach-therapy. Practical aspects of absorbed dose
calculation. The safe use of sealed sources.
RAD 842: Treatment Planning:
External beam therapy machines. Radiation units. The single isodoes curve, the multiple-field
isodose curve pattern. Manual addition of isodose curve. Dose calculations. The patient’s
radiotherapy record.
RAD 844: Clinical Radiotherapy:
The actual implementation of treatment in a clinical setting. The student is expected to carry
out considerable treatment of various disease conditions assisted and unassisted.
34
RAD 848: Radiobiological Aspects of Radiotherapy:
Radiation genetics and mutation. Types of tumours and repair mechanism. Mechanisms of
spread, cellular control mechanisms. Cancer. Biological basis for radiotherapy, radiotherapy of
human tumours.
RAD 851: Health Planning, Policy Formulation and Implementation:
Health planning processes, need assessment, and implementation. Health facility planning and
location.
Installation of models and evaluation of programme effectiveness.
Critical
examination of health policies. National policy on health. The role of medical radiographer and
other professional interest groups in the health care. Hospital organization. Research and
development in the health care system.
Role of the world health organization and other
international agencies.
RAD 853: Health Economics and Budgeting:
Examination of current thinking in the field of health economics and its role in planning health
services. Overview of financial and cost accounting. Analysis of economic concepts. Health
care financing, budgeting and budgetary control. Comparative allocation of resources. Options
appraisal and evaluation. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and application. Total and marginal
costing etc., medical audit, quality assurance, inventory control health insurance. Financial
accounting, records and management.
RAD 855: Health Personnel and Office Management:
Executive management lines of Authority, Management by committees. Job evaluation, design
and analysis.
Recruitment and selection, performance appraisal.
Delegation of functions.
Organization of meetings. Decision making and communication techniques. Forms and styles
of leadership. Leadership and staff training and welfare scheme. Managerial function and
supervisory techniques. Human resources management and development in Health services
system. Office administration, records and management.
RAD 856: Dynamics of Health Management:
Analytical evaluations of specific cases peculiar to health care delivery system: sectoral analysis
of health policy implementation. Professional dynamics. Resources utilization.
RAD 852: Health Care Environment and Organizational Behaviour:
Purpose of organization and structure. Communication processes. Health information system
records and statistics. Professional responsibility and information control. Inter-departmental
and intersectoral relationships. Group dynamics. Formal and informal group influence.
35
Health services organization. Public and industrial relations. Principles of collective bargaining
and joint consultative council. Evaluation and application of management principles in health
care practices. Politics of health care delivery. Professionalism in the health care system.
Comparative health care.
RAD 861: Educational Administration and Planning in Health Sciences
Medical radiography and radiological education in Nigeria. Staff-personnel administration,
school plan, finance and business management.
RAD 863: Curriculum Planning in health Sciences:
Intensive study in theory and practice of curriculum. Radiological education and curriculum
theory. A model for devising an appropriate curriculum theory for Nigeria.
RAD 865: Educational Innovation in health Sciences:
Concept of innovation. Relevant innovation and radiological education. Process of innovation
and barrier factors.
RAD 862: Educational Psychology in Health Sciences:
Critical analysis and evaluation of selection warning theories. Learning environments. Learning
disabilities and sign language.
RAD 864: Instructional Teaching and Evaluation in Health Sciences:
Making and using learning materials. Medical Radiography and radiological sciences books
and journals. Teaching methods.
RAD 866: Health Education:
Information of the starting point for radiological health education.
Thinking about the
information details of content of radiological health education methods of changing behaviour
and ensuring effective communication.
RAD 871: Image Critique and Pattern Recognition
Interpretation of different types of musculoskeletal traumas-
fractures and soft tissues injuries
on plain radiographs. Chest radiographs showing different respiratory and cardiac conditions.
Intestinal obstruction, skull x-rays in trauma, pathologies like sinusitis, adenoids, special
radiological investigations such as HSG and IVU. CT and MRI of brain and spinal cord etc.
36
RAD 873: Pathophysiology of disease of the human body: Cell, tissues, inflammation, oedema,
atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy,
respiratory diseases, cardiac diseases. Traumas.
Pathophysiology of different organs in the body such as the liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, etc.
RAD 879: Radiographic Anatomy:
Skull, chest, abdomen, pelvis, extremities, vascular systems, bones, muscular system, lymphatic
drainage, male and female reproductive systems.
RAD 877: Publishing and presenting Materials in peer review:
Publishing in papers and journals, methods of dissemination, preparation of conference papers
etc.
RAD 872: Clinical Audit and Management:
What is clinical audit and management, Why is it important in Radiography?, Differences
between clinical audit and research. Dissemination of research finding, networking, evidence
based medical imaging, Radiological health management.
RAD 874: Errors and Bias in Image Interpretation and Decision Making:
Common pitfalls in chest x-ray interpretation, HSG, IVU, MCUetc.
RAD 878: Radiological Procedures of Different Imaging Modalities:
Special (contrast) radiological procedures using CT, MRI and
Types of contrast used. Nuclear Medicine procedure.
Conventional Radiography.