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GRANDORDER UNGULATA ORDERS: Condylarthra Mesonychia extinct ancestral ungulates Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Litopterna Notoungulata Pyrotheria Xenungulata Astrapotheria “odd-toed” ungulates “even-toed” ungulates extinct South American ungulates Tubulidentata - aardvark Proboscidea – elephants Hyracoidea – hyraxes Sirenia – manatees/dugongs Cetacea whales “subungulate” orders PLACENTAL PHYLOGENY (nuclear genes) 1 species 3 genera, 6 species PROBOSCIDEAN PHYLOGENY DEINOTHERIDAE GOMPHOTHERIIDAE Gomphotherium Platybelodon MASTODONTIDAE Mammut ELEPHANTIDAE PROBOSCIDEAN TEETH ELEPHANT MASTODON 3 species 2 species (1 extinct) ORDER MESONYCHIA Arctocyon Sinonyx Diatryma Pachyaena ORDER MESONYCHIA ORDER MESONYCHIA CETACEAN PHYLOGENY SUBORDER ODONTOCETI 17 genera, 32 species 4 genera, 6 species 4 genera, 5 species 2 genera, 2 species 6 genera, 19 species 2 genera, 3 species SUBORDER MYSTICETI 2 genera, 3 species 1 species 2 genera, 6 species 1 species ODONTOCETES MYSTICETES SIZE mostly small (<5 m) large males > females in size VOCALIZATION high-frequency sounds echolocation & communication DIET vertebrates MOVEMENTS mainly local Physeter migratory females > males low-frequency (some) communication filter-feeding migratory SOCIAL STRUCTURE variable in both groups, including harem polygyny, small female kin groups, seasonal migratory groups.
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