Download 1st Semester Final Exam STUDY GUIDE 2015

AP Psychology
1st Semester Final Exam / Study Guide
Mr. K. Franklin
Prologue
Wilhelm Wundt (Germany/1879 – First Psychology Lab)
Ivan Pavlov (Russia/Conditioning Studies)
Sigmund Freud (Austria/Psychoanalysis)
William James (U.S./Published important Psychology text)
Early psychologists studied mental processed (1890’s – 1920’s)
Mid 20th century observable behavior became more important (1920-1950)
Nature vs Nurture debate
Darwin and natural selection
Know Psychology’s current perspectives
Basic research vs applied research
Clinical psychologists
Psychiatrists
Chapter 1
Hindsight bias – “I knew it all along”
Hypothesis – testable predictions
Theory – explains, organizes, and predicts observable behaviors
Operational definitions – statement of procedures
Replication – repeating the study with different participants
Case Studies
Survey
Sampling
- population
- random sample
Naturalistic Observation
Correlation coefficient
Experiment – research method where factors (variables) can be controlled
- Experimental and Control Groups
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Placebo
- Double Blind Studies
Mean, Median, and Mode
Range
Standard Deviation
Chapter 2
Neurons (signal travel ► dendrites, cell body, axon)
- Action potential and threshold
- Myelin sheath
- Synapse and reuptake
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (muscle action, learning, and memory)
- Endorphins (pain relief)
Central and Peripheral nervous systems
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems
Somatic and Autonomic systems
Tools of Discovery (ie lesions, EEG, CT scan)
Lower level brain structures
- Brainstem (Heart rate, breathing, Reticular formation)
- Thalamus (Relay station)
- Cerebellum (Coordination, balance)
- Limbic System (Amygdala – emotion/ Hypothalamus – pleasure center)
Cerebral Cortex
- Functions of the regions (Foolish Moms Smoke POT / The Lobes)
- Broca and Wernicke’s areas (speech and language/temporal lobe)
Split Brain Surgery (Corpus Callosum)
- Brain plasticity (more evident in younger brains)
Chapter 3
Sperm and Egg (23 chromosomes each) / Other cells – 46 chromosomes
DNA and genes
Evolutionary psychology
- Natural selection
- Mutations
Twin studies – heredity
Temperament
Enriched environments ► cause an increased number synapses.
Cultural differences (ie. Western and Latin countries, personal space, etc.)
Gender (X and Y chromosomes)
Chapter 4
Prenatal Development (zygote, embryo, fetus)
Rooting reflex
Jean Piaget (Pg. 127)
- schema
- assimilation
- accommodation
*** Know Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
Responsive parenting lead to secure attachment
3 Parenting styles (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive)
Kohlberg’s theory on moral reasoning
Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development
Dementia (Alzheimer’s)
Chapter 5
Bottom-up processing
Top-down processing
Absolute threshold
Subliminal stimulation (below absolute threshold)
Sensory adaptation
Function of the various parts of the eye
Blind Spot (Optic nerve exits the retina)
Additive color mixing (R,G, and B = white)
Subtractive color mixing (R,Y and B = black)
Parallel processing
Structures of the ear and their functions
Location of taste receptors (top and side of the tongue, roof of the mouth)
Receptor cells for kinesthesis (muscles, tendons and joints)
Chapter 6
Selective attention
Vision – dominant sense
Gestalt psychologists (emphasized the “whole” structure over the parts)
Figure-ground perception
Visual cliff
Monocular cues
Binocular cues
Muller-Lyer illusion
Distortion Goggles activity ► perceptual adaptation
Perceptual Set
Context effects
Chapter 7
Behaviorists ignored the concept of consciousness.
Circadian Rhythms (24 hour cycles)
Sleep Stages and Brain Waves
- REM and NREM sleep.
Sleep disorders (ie. insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea)
Freud and dream content
- Manifest content
- Latent content
Hypnosis (Posthypnotic amnesia and posthypnotic suggestion)
Drugs (See Chart in Text)
- tolerance
- withdrawal
Chapter 8
Classical Conditioning (UCS/UCR/CS/CR) – Pavlov
Operant Conditioning
- Schedules of reinforcement (FI,VI,FR,VR)
- Primary and Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
- Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery
- Positive & Negative reinforcement and punishment
B.F. Skinner (“Skinner Box”) – Shaping
Albert Bandura – Bobo dolls, modeling
Chapter 9
Sensory memory, Short and Long Term Memory
Serial Position effect / Spacing effect
Mnemonics
Echoic – Iconic memory
Recall and Recognition
Retroactive and proactive interference