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Classification
From Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) to Carolus
Linnaeus (1707-1778), scientists who
proposed the earliest classification systems
divided living organisms into two kingdoms:
plants and animals.
Carl Linne (born in 1707) had an interest in the gardens
and fields around him. He took his interest with him all
the way through school, university, and medical
training.
Once at the University he was influenced by the
botanist Olof Celsius, who further encouraged him. He
eventually published the results of his studies (Systema
Naturae), which brought him a world wide reputation.
Carolus Linnaeus used Latin for everything, including
his name!
He is considered to be the founder of modern
taxonomy.
Like Aristotle before him, Linnaeus used logic in
devising his classification scheme. But he introduced
a new idea: a hierarchy of nested groups within
groups or taxonomy.
Linneaus’ major groupings were:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Linnaeus followed the practice, started by Aristotle, of
naming each unique form of an organism by it's Genus
name, followed by a differentia phrase (species), added
to describe what made that particular organism unique.
During the nineteenth century, Ernst Haeckel (18341919) proposed establishing a third kingdom (Protista)
for simple organisms that did not appear to fit in
either the plant or animal kingdom. He was the first
to coin the term "protist" or "Protista," although his
definition also included bacteria.
A Brief
History
Of the
Microscope
1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (3D image)
1931 Electron Microscope
19th Century- Prototype Compound Scope; Improved Resolution
18th Century Various Innovations In Lenses
1674 van Leeuwenhoek invented 1st Simple Microscope
1665 Hooke Named “Cells” Using Simple Lens
Ca. 1284 1st Wearable Eyeglasses
Ca. 1000 AD Reading Stone/hand lens
Ernst Haeckel is attributed
as being the first to
describe evolutionary
relationships among living
organisms as analogous to
a tree.
Haeckel also postulated a
common origin for all life
(plants, animals and
microbes).
The most common protista examples include
amoeba, plasmodium, pararamecium, slime mold,
red, brown and golden algae, fungi, and diatoms.
Some General Protista Characteristics
•Mostly unicellular, some multicellular or colonial
•Free living or parasites
•Have mitochondria for cellular respiration (aerobic)
•True eukaryotes: nucleated
•Reproduce sexually or asexually
•3 types: animal like, fungus like, or plant-like.
•According to categories, they have different modes of
nutrition (heterotrophic or autotrophic)
•Plant-like protists have chlorophyll and accessory
pigments (xanthophylls & carotene)
1969- R. H. Whitaker
proposed a system of
classification based on
five different kingdoms:
1- Bacteria/Prokaryotae
(originally called Monera)
2- Protista
3- Fungi
4- Plantae
5- Animalia
This classification system is still
widely accepted
Kingdom Monera included single-celled prokaryotes
(organisms that lack membrane-bound nuclei e.g:
bacteria, cyanobacteria/blue-green algae &
spirochetes.)
Kingdom Fungi are group of multi-cellular, eukaryotic,
non-motile organisms. Members belonging to this
kingdom lack chlorophyll, hence they are differentiated
from plants. Examples include: molds, yeasts, mildews,
smuts and mushrooms. Fungi derive their nutrients by
absorption from dead and decaying organic materials.
In the 1970s, Dr. Carl Woese
found evidence for a previously
unknown group of prokaryotic
organisms.
These
organisms lived
in extreme
environments:
deep sea vents,
hot springs, the
Dead Sea,
acid lakes, &
salt
evaporation
ponds.
Because they appeared prokaryotic, they were
considered bacteria and named "archaebacteria"
('ancient' bacteria).
A six-kingdom system of classification was proposed in
1977 by Carl Woese (1928-2012). The groups proposed in
the six-kingdom approach are Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria (both for bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
and Animalia.
Biochemical characteristics and DNA sequence analysis
later showed that there were numerous differences
between these archaebacteria and other bacteria.
Before long, it was realized that these archaebacteria
were more closely related to the eukaryotes (including
ourselves!) than to bacteria. Today, these bacteria have
been renamed Archaea.
In 1981 Dr. Woese proposed that there should be a new
category of classification of life. The Domain is a
classification category above Kingdom.
Protists are so varied many scientists do not group
them as a single kingdom.
Science at Work: New World Vultures have been
reclassified due to recent DNA analysis.
Previously, they were classified with
Old World Vultures due to physical
characteristics.
They are now known to be closely
related to storks. Like storks, they cool their legs
by defecating on them for the evaporative effect.
Similarities between Old World & New World Vultures
(bald heads, beaks which can tear meat, & regurgitating
food to feed young) are the result of convergent evolution.
These adaptations for feeding on carrion evolved
independently.
Classification video 1 goes here.
TAXONOMY
Science of classification
Based on similarities of structure:
Internal; external; cellular
Based on evolutionary relationships
In binomial nomenclature, each animal is
assigned a two-part scientific name. Seven
taxonomic categories are used to group
organisms (species, genus, family, order,
class, phylum, kingdom).
Main Idea 1
Living things are classified within 3 domains:
Bacteria, Archaea (together make Monera),
and Eukarya. Living things are further
classified into 6 kingdoms: Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria (Monera), Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia.
Main Idea 2
FIVE KINGDOMS
Monera Kingdom
Protista Kingdom
Fungi Kingdom
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King
Phillip
Comes
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti
Kareem
Possesses
Cool
Old
Fat
Girl’s
Slippers
Kingston
Police
Come
Over
For
Gun
Shots
*4 chamber heart
*excrete uric acid
*internal fertilization
*external development
*hollow bones
*4 chamber heart
*excrete uric acid
*internal fertilization
*internal development
& scales
*3 chamber heart
*external fert/dev
*2 chamber heart
*excrete uric acid
*external fertilization
*external development
*3 chamber heart
*excrete uric acid
*internal fertilization
*external development
Scientific names of organisms are based on a
classification system. Scientists often use a
dichotomous key as a classification tool.
Main Idea 3
Dichotomous Key
A Dichotomous Key is a tool used to identify organisms or objects based on their differences.
Example #1: Given the following shapes, use the dichotomous key to identify them.
A cladogram is a diagram that shows the
evolutionary relationships among a group of
organisms. Similarities at the molecular level
in the genes of organisms can be used to help
determine classification.
Main Idea 4
Species – Able to mate and produce fertile offspring
Scientific Name: Genus + species (genus is always
capitalized; species never is)
Human: Homo sapiens
Common names: 1. Different languages
2. Multiple names for same organism
Puma = cougar = mountain lion
3. Sometimes names are incorrect
Starfish = not a fish
Koala Bear
Electric Eel
American Buffalo
Bearcat
Animals with Misleading Common Names
Flying Lemur
Killer Whale
A binturong is no relation to a bear or cat.
A koala is marsupial not a bear.
The American Buffalo is a bison.
The electric eel is a type of knife fish.
Jelly Fish
A flying lemer can’t fly, it glides. Also, it’s a dermoptera, not a lemur.
Orcinus orca is neither a whale nor a fish, but a dolphin
Starfish and jelly fish are invertebrates, not fish.
Star Fish
Chordates include
vertebrates & some
invertebrates that
have a hollow
notochord,
pharyngeal
pouches, and a tail
(at some point).
Classification video 2 goes here.