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Markets: Supply and Demand Prof. Bryson, Marriott School I. Elements of Market Theory Understanding Market Forces Markets 1. What is a market? A place? A store? A bank? A medium through which transactions occur. Markt am Marienplatz, Munich Understanding Market Forces Markets 2. Why are markets important? • Markets are an expression of freedom, • They function with automaticity and without prejudice (except against lack of money). Markt am Marienplatz, Munich Demand 3. Who are the players? Buyers and sellers 4. What is demand? Is it a quantity? A function? A schedule of the quantity demanded at each possible price. Demand 5. What actually determines quantity purchased? a. Price and b. Non-price variables: tastes, population, money incomes, distribution of incomes, prices of related (sub/comp) goods Demand Curves and Schedules (For T Shirts, Not nasal tobacco) • P Q P,$ $8.00 1,000 7.50 1,200 7.00 1,400 6.50 1,600 6.00 1.800 5.50 2,000 A “change in quantity demanded” is the result of a price change. One moves to a new position in the schedule or on the D curve. 7.50 6.00 Demand 0 1,200 1,800 Quantity Demand continued 7. What is the ceteris paribus assumption? All other things remain the same when you change the price. 8. Price vs. non-price variables for a demand curve. 9. Shift vs. movement on the curve. Demand Curves and Schedules If the market increases greatly in size (number of buyers) or all the buyers have greater incomes over time, we have a change in demand. The entire schedule and P,$ • P Q curves must be redrawn. $8.00 1,500 1,000 7.50 1,700 1,200 7.00 1,900 1,400 6.50 1,600 2,100 6.00 1.800 2,300 5.50 2,000 2,500 D 0 Quantity We call this an “increase in demand” when the schedule is rewritten and the curve shifts out to the right. D’ Supply 10. What is supply? 11. What are elements of the Supply side? (What determines the quantity actually sold?) a. Price (the “focus” variable) and b. The “underlying” or “non-price” variables: technology, the number of suppliers, attitudes and expectations or mood of sellers (business spirits), costs of factors of production , prices of other related goods or services. 12. Supply as a schedule, or function, and a curve. 13. Shift vs. movement along Supply curve. This is precisely analogous to changes in demand and in the quantity demanded. Supply Curves and Schedules (For T Shirts, Not nasal tobacco) • P Q $8.00 $4,000 2,000 7.50 1,800 3,600 7.00 1,600 3,200 6.50 1,400 2,800 6.00 1.200 2,400 5.50 1,000 2,000 P,$ S S’ Why does S slope up to the right? 0 Quantity If the price changes, we change positions in the schedule or on the curve. If a non-price variable changes, we rewrite the schedule and shift the curve. II. How Markets Function How markets function Combine Demand and Supply as a whole market. What causes a shortage? $ At a price above the equilibrium level, the quantity supplied S exceeds the quantity demanded, so a surplus (“glut”) exists. Sellers reduce the price and reduce the quantity D they offer towards equilibrium. 0 Q How markets function Combine Demand and Supply as a whole market. What causes a shortage? $ S At a price below the equilibrium level, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, so a shortage exists. Sellers increase the quantity supplied, but also raise the D price toward equilibrium. 0 Q The Price Equilibrium: Review Where the price is set above market equilibrium, there will be a surplus, since the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. Suppliers will reduce their output and the price as inventories build Surplus Qd Qs The Price Equilibrium Where the price is set below the market equilibrium, there will be a shortage, since the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. Suppliers will increase their output and the price as new orders come in. Shortage Qs Qd Short-run Adjustments A short-run change in tastes from root beer to ginger ale will cause demand curves to shift. Ginger Ale Root Beer D’ D D’ D Long-run Adjustments In the long run, there is a supply response. Resources flow to the strong demand market from the weaker one. The supply adjustment moderates price changes that can be quite dramatic in the short run. S D’ D D’ D Resources flow Long-run Adjustments Final equilibrium, after labor, capital, etc. flow to ginger ale, is at the pink price lines, with prices close to their original levels. S S’ S’ S D’ D D’ D III. Political Interference with Markets Price Freezes Say that price increases in rental housing inspire legislators to impose a price freeze on rents. As demand continues to increase… a shortage will soon appear D’ D Price Freezes Market forces would cause a price increase to accommodate the increased demand automatically,… but price increases are now illegal, so the shortage (in pink) will persist. D’ D Price Freezes But shortages can increase profits without price increases. Tighten terms of credit Eliminate guarantees, Cease delivery Slacken quality control Reduce quality in other ways. D’ D Price Freezes If the quantity available is limited by rent controls… Pi buyers would be willing to pay an illegally high price, Pi, as indicated by the demand curve. D’ D Qs Price Freezes The higher price allows black market sellers to collect economic rents, as shown by the orange block. D’ D Qs Price Floors: The Labor Market • When the minimum wage is above the market Wmin equilibrium,.. • the quantity of Wmkt labor supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. Result? Unemployment Unemployment IV. Consumer and Producer Surplus Consumer Surplus What the consumer would pay rather than go without -What the consumer actually does pay = Consumer Surplus Quantity D(Would Pay) Minus P(Does Pay) = Cons. Surplus 1 $5 $2 $3 2 4 2 2 3 3 2 1 4 2 2 0 $6 Consumer Surplus $5 $2 0 P Q The whole shaded area is what individual 1 would be willing to pay rather than go without. ($5) This is what consumer 1 actually does pay ($2) This is consumer surplus for individual 1 ($3) Consumer Surplus $4 $2 0 P Q The whole shaded area is what individual 2 would be willing to pay rather than go without. ($4) This is what consumer 2 actually does pay ($2) This is consumer surplus for individual 2 ($2) Consumer Surplus $3 $2 0 P Q The whole shaded area is what individual 3 would be willing to pay rather than go without. ($3) This is what consumer 3 actually does pay ($2) This is consumer surplus for individual 3 ($1) Consumer Surplus $2 0 P Q The whole shaded area is what individual 4 would be willing to pay rather than go without. ($2) This is what consumer 4 actually does pay ($2) THERE IS NO CONSUMER SURPLUS FOR CONSUMER 4 Consumer Surplus $2 0 P Q This area represents total expenditures This area represents consumer surplus ($6) Consumer Surplus $2 Price D 0 Q In general, Consumer Surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the price line Consumer Surplus Notice that when the price goes up or down, consumer surplus is lost or gained. This much consumer surplus… is lost when the price goes up. Producer Surplus • Producer Surplus is the difference between what sellers would be willing to sell for, should the market P require it, and what they actually do sell the product for. • It is the area above the supply curve and below the price line. S Q