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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
FINAL EXAM – REVIEW PACKET
January 2015 – JACQUES
UNIT I: HOW AND WHY DO WE STUDY PSYCHOLOGY?
Define Psychology:
5 goals of psychology:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PIONEERS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Wundt
Freud
Watson & Skinner
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
Biological Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Learning Perspective
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY / METHODS
SURVEYS:
Use:
Challenges:
Key Terms:
Target population
Random sample
Stratified sample
Volunteer bias
CHARACTERISTICS / FOCUS OF
OBSERVATION METHOD
Use:
Challenges:
TESTING METHOD:
Use:
Challenges:
CASE-STUDY METHOD
Use:
Challenges:
LONGITUDINAL METHOD
Use:
Challenges:
CROSS SECTIONAL METHOD
Use:
Challenges:
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
LABORATORY OBSERVATION
Use:
Use:
Challenges:
Challenges:
Key Terms:
Correlation:
Negative correlation:
Positive correlation:
THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Use:
Key Terms:
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Experimental group:
Control group:
Placebo:
Single blind study:
Double blind study:
ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH
Ethics: standards for proper and responsible behavior
What specific ethical standards has the American Psychological Association established for psychological
research?
1.
2.
3.
4.
UNIT 2: HOW DO WE LEARN?
OPERANT CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
How do we learn?
How do we learn?
How is it applied?
*See example below
Primary v. secondary reinforcers:
How is it applied?
Positive reinforcement:
Taste aversions
Negative reinforcement:
Extinction
Punishment:
Generalization
Schedules of Reinforcement:
Discrimination
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
COGNITIVE FACTORS IN LEARNING
Latent Learning
Observational Learning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING EXAMPLE:
MOTIVATION
Achievement
motivation
Drivereduction
theory
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of needs
Arousal
Theory
Theories
Incentive
Theory
Instinct
Theory
Terms:
motive
need v. drive
homeostasis
extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Self-actualization
cognitive consistency
cognitive-dissonance theory
affiliation
STRATEGIES TO INCREASE INSTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Self-control / delay gratification
Decision
Making
Autonomy
Conclusions from Daniel Pink’s Drive (extrinsic/intrinsic)
UNIT III: Why do we dream?
Sleep Stages – Characteristics of
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGES 3
&4
REM
SLEEP
Why do we sleep?
What are the effects of sleep
deprivation?
Why do we dream?
Psychoanalytic Theory says….
Activation-Synthesis theories say…
Information Processing Theories say…
SLEEP DISORDERS
Sleep Disorder
Narcolepsy
Nightmares
Night terrors
Insomnia
Sleepwalking
Characteristics
PERSONALITY THEORY – WHAT SHAPES OUR PERSONALITY?
TRAIT THEORISTS
 Personality is most affected by:
“The Big Five” - The Five Factor Model
O
C
E
A
N
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
 Personality is most affected by:
Freud and Personality Structure
What are defense mechanisms? What do they defend against?
Examples of defense mechanisms
denial
projection
rationalization
regression
reaction formation
repression
displacement
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
inferiority
complex
birth
order
ALFRED ADLER
LEARNING THEORIES
 Personality is most affected by:
BEHAVIORISTS (Skinner & Watson)
*socialization
SOCIAL – LEARNING (Bandura)
*Social Cognitive Theory:
HUMANISTIC THEORIES:
Personality is most affected by:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs