Download Summary of Vector-Borne Disease Pathogens

Summary of Vector-borne Disease Pathogens
Possible
Coinfections
Treatment
A. phagocytophilum
Bartonella spp.
Doxycycline
Amoxicillin
B. burgdorferi
Bartonella spp.
Doxycycline
E. canis
R. rickettsii
Babesia spp.
Canine hemotropic
mycoplasma
Doxycycline
Doxycycline
Serology: SNAP 4Dx, IFA
A. platys
E. ewingii
E. chaffeensis
R. rickettsii
Babesia spp.
Canine hemotropic
mycoplasma
CBC: Mild thrombocytopenia,
microscopic identification
E. canis
E. chaffeensis
Doxycycline
E. canis
E. ewingii
Doxycycline
Pathogen
Diagnosis
Species
Vector
Clinical Signs
PCR Results
Additional Diagnostics
Borrelia burgdorferi
Borreliosis
Lyme disease
Dog, Cat
Ixodes spp.
(deer tick or
black-legged tick)
Acute/Chronic (dog): Fever,
lameness, joint swelling,
anorexia, polyarthritis, renal
disease
PCR is only recommended
on ticks, synovial fluid/biopsy
and skin
Serology: SNAP 4Dx,
Lyme Quant C6 Test
C6 antibody in dogs is
detectable early in infection;
does not cross react with
vaccine; declines rapidly
after successful treatment
Spirochete that localizes
in the tissue of an
infected animal
Subclinical (dog and cat):
Asymptomatic
Otherwise on dogs perform
SNAP® 4Dx® Test or
Lyme Quant C6® Test
(see Additional Diagnostics)
Lyme Quant C6 Test is not
available for cats
Urinalysis/UPC: Proteinuria
Anaplasma
phagocytophilum
Granulocytic
anaplasmosis
Dog, Cat
Gram-negative bacterium
that infects neutrophils
Anaplasma platys
Gram-negative bacterium
that infects platelets
Ehrlichia canis
Gram-negative bacterium
that infects monocytes
Infectious cyclic
thrombocytopenia
Monocytic
ehrlichiosis
Dog
Dog, Cat
Ixodes spp.
(deer tick or
black-legged tick)
Acute: Fever, lethargy,
anorexia, lameness, joint pain
and swelling, neurologic signs
Anaplasma spp. result positive
or negative
Subclinical: Asymptomatic
If positive at genus level, then
species-specific result will
follow
Rhipicephalus
sanguineus
(brown dog tick)
Acute: Mild fever, epistaxis,
petechia, ecchymoses
Anaplasma spp. result positive
or negative
CBC: Thrombocytopenia,
microscopic identification
Subclinical: Asymptomatic
If positive at genus level, then
species-specific result will
follow
Serology: SNAP 4Dx
(cross-reacts with
A. phagocytophilum spot), IFA
Rhipicephalus
sanguineus
(brown dog tick)
Acute: Fever, lethargy, uveitis, Ehrlichia spp. result positive
epistaxis, petechia, CNS signs, or negative
lymphadenomegaly
If positive at genus level, then
species-specific result will
Chronic: Hemorrhagic
follow
disorders and multisystemic
signs
Subclinical: Asymptomatic
Ehrlichia ewingii
Gram-negative bacterium
that infects neutrophils
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Gram-negative bacterium
that infects monocytes
Granulocytic
ehrlichiosis
Monocytic
ehrlichiosis
Neorickettsia risticii
Potomac horse fever
Gram-negative bacterium
infecting monocytes
Monocytic
ehrlichiosis
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain
spotted fever
Gram-negative bacterium
that infects endothelial cells
Dog
Dog
CBC: Thrombocytopenia,
lymphopenia, microscopic
identification
Amblyomma
americanum
(lone star tick)
Amblyomma
americanum
(lone star tick)
Acute: Fever, lameness, joint
swelling, neurologic signs,
lethargy, anorexia
Ehrlichia spp. result positive
or negative
Serology: SNAP 4Dx, IFA
CBC: Thrombocytopenia,
anemia, pancytopenia,
microscopic identification
Chemistry: Hyperglobulinemia
Urinalysis/UPC: Proteinuria
Subclinical: Asymptomatic
If positive at genus level, then
species-specific result will
follow
Acute: Anterior uveitis,
epistaxis, lymphadenomegaly
Ehrlichia spp. result positive
or negative
CBC: Thrombocytopenia,
microscopic identification
Subclinical: Asymptomatic
If positive at genus level, then
species-specific result will
follow
Serology: SNAP 4Dx (crossreacts with E. canis spot)
Dog
May be transmitted by May be associated with
vomiting, lethargy, fever or
ingestion of infected
snails
polyarthropathy
Neorickettsia risticii spp. result CBC: Thrombocytopenia
positive or negative
Serology: IFA
Dog
Dermacentor spp.
Rickettsia rickettsii positive or
negative
Rhipicephalus
sanguineus
Acute: Fever, edema,
reluctance to walk, petechia,
ecchymoses, neurologic signs
CBC: Leukocytosis, anemia,
thrombocytopenia
Serology: IFA
Doxycycline
A. platys
E. canis
Babesia spp.
Canine hemotropic
mycoplasma
Doxycycline
Pathogen
Diagnosis
Species
Vector
Babesia spp.
Babesiosis
Dog
Rhipicephalus
sanguineus
Protozoon that infect
erythrocytes
Clinical Signs
PCR Results
Babesia spp. result positive or
B. canis: Mild or subclinical;
more severe in young animals; negative
B. gibsoni transmitted common in greyhounds
If positive at genus level, then
through dog bites
species-specific result will
B. gibsoni: Acute, chronic
follow
or subclinical (pit bulls);
fever, general weight loss and
debilitation, organomegaly
Additional Diagnostics
CBC: Hemolytic anemia,
thrombocytopenia,
microscopic identification
Serology:
IFA (B. canis, B. gibsoni)
Possible
Coinfections
Treatment
A. platys
E. canis
R. rickettsii
Canine hemotropic
mycoplasma
B. canis: Imidocarb
diproprionate
Dog:
A. platys
E. canis
R. rickettsii
Babesia spp.
Doxycycline
B. gibsoni:
Combination of
atovaquone and
azithromycin
B. conradae: Fever, lethargy
Hemotropic
mycoplasmas
Hemotropic
mycoplasmosis
Dog, Cat
Cat: Fleas, lice, ticks
Mycoplasmas that infect
erythrocytes
Bartonella spp.
Bartonellosis
Dog, Cat
Gram-negative bacteria
that infect erythrocytes
and endothelial cells
Hepatozoon spp.
Hepatozoonosis
Dog
Protozoon that
infect leukocytes,
hemolymphatic tissue,
skeletal and cardiac
muscle
Leishmania spp.
Dog: Rhipicephalus
sanguineus
Leishmaniasis
Dog
Protozoon that infect
tissue macrophages
Dog: Clinical signs are rare
unless splenectomized or
immunocompromised
Cat: Weakness, depression,
tachypnea, anorexia, pale
mucous membranes,
dehydration, icterus,
splenomegaly, with or without
flea infestation
Ixodid ticks
(hard ticks)
Dog: M. haemocanis,
CBC: Hemolytic anemia,
Candidatus M. haematoparvum microscopic identification
Cat: M. haemofelis is most
pathogenic, Candidatus M.
haemominutum is least pathogenic, Candidatus M. turicensis
has intermediate pathogenicity
Positive or negative result
provided for each species
Dog: Granulomatous lymphadenitis, hepatic disease,
endocarditis, polyarthritis
Fleas
Other vectors possible Pleural or abdominal effusions
Cat: Variety of clinical
manifestations including fever,
lymphadenopathy, uveitis,
gingivitis, neurological diseases
Bartonella spp. result positive
or negative
Amblyomma
maculatum
(Gulf Coast tick)
H. americanum infection most
common in U.S. and usually
severe clinical signs or waxing
and waning course: fever,
cachexia, depression, muscle
atrophy, hyperesthesia,
purulent ocular discharge,
stiffness, myalgia
Hepatozoon spp. result
positive or negative
Visceral leishmaniasis in
U.S. and Canada in American
foxhounds: chronic wasting
with muscle atrophy,
conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis,
retinitis, facial alopecia,
lymphadenopathy, polyarthritis
Leishmania spp. result positive CBC: Anemia,
or negative
thrombocytopenia,
lymphocytosis
Species-specific results not
Lutzomyia spp.
(sand flies)
Species-specific results not
provided
Cat:
Bartonella spp
B. burgdorferi
CBC: B. vinsonii in dogs can
A. phagocytophilum
cause hemolytic anemia
(frequently immune mediated),
thrombocytopenia
Serology: IFA
If positive at genus level, then
species-specific result will
follow
CBC: Mild anemia, marked
neutrophilia, microscopic
identification
B. burgdorferi
A. phagocytophilum
Chemistry: Increased ALP,
hypoglycemia,
hypoalbuminemia
Urinalysis/UPC: Proteinuria
Chemistry: Hypoalbuminemia,
hyperglobulinemia, azotemia
Urinalysis/UPC: Proteinuria
May or may
not include
immunosuppressive
doses of
glucocorticoids
Azithromycin
Treatment of healthy
cats has not been
shown to lessen the
risk of cat scratch
disease in humans
Combination of
trimethoprimsulfadiazine,
clindamycin and
pyrimethamine
followed by daily
decoquinate.
Relapses, glomerulonephritis and renal
amyloidosis occur
Muscle Biopsy: Myositis with
cysts or meronts
provided
Enrofloxacin
Ehrlichia spp.
Babesia spp.
Allopurinol,
amphotericin B,
meglumine
antimoniate
(not available in
U.S.), sodium
stibogluconate
No treatment protocol
rids infection;
relapses common
Cytauxzoon felis
Protozoa that infects
erythrocytes
Cytauxzoonosis
Cat
Dermacentor
variabilis
Depression, anorexia, fever,
jaundice
Amblyomma
americanum possible
Most cats die within 7 days
from onset of clinical signs
Greene CE, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO. Elsevier Inc.; 2006.
Cytauxzoon felis result
positive or negative
CBC: Severe hemolytic
anemia, pancytopenia,
microscopic identification
Primarily supportive:
intravenous fluids,
antibiotics and heparin
Chemistry: Evidence of
multiorgan failure
Use of antiprotozoal
drugs is controversial
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