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Test 03
UNIVERSITA' DEGLI STUDI DI URBINO CARLO BO
Centro Linguistico d’Ateneo
Accertamento di lingua: Inglese B2
Dipartimento: DISB
CTF
II anualità
Reading Comprehension
Leggere il brano e rispondere alle domande in inglese:
A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you though an intravenous
(IV) line in one of your blood vessels.
Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or due to a serious injury. A transfusion
also may be done if your body can't make blood properly because of an illness. The procedure usually
takes 1 to 4 hours, depending on how much blood is needed.
The heart pumps blood through a network of arteries and veins throughout the body. Blood has many vital
jobs. It carries oxygen and other nutrients to your body's organs and tissues.
Blood is made up of various parts, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Blood is transfused either as a whole (with all its parts) or, more often as individual parts.
Every person has one of the following blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Also every person's blood is either Rhpositive or Rh negative. So, if you have type A blood it's either positive or negative.
Blood types are based on the markers or antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
Two major antigens or surface identifiers on human RBCs are the A and B antigens. Another important
surface antigen is called Rh. Blood typing detects the presence or absence of these antigens to determine a
person's ABO blood group and Rh type. Not all blood types are compatible with each other. For a blood
transfusion to be successful ABO and Rh blood groups must be compatible between donor blood and
patient blood. If a person who is group A with antibodies directed against the B antigen, for example were
to be transfused with blood that is Type B, his or her own antibodies would target and destroy the
transfused red blood cells causing severe complications. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood
clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals. The agglutinated red blood cells can clog
blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood
cells can also crack releasing contents such as hemoglobin which become toxic when outside of the cell.
Type O blood is safe for almost everyone. About 40% of the population has type O blood. People who
have this blood type are called universal donors Type O blood is used for emergencies when there's no
time to test a person's blood type. People who have type AB blood are called universal recipients this
means they can get any type of blood.
If you have Rh-positive blood, you can get Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. But if you have Rh-negative
blood you should only get Rh-negative blood. Rh-negative blood is used for emergencies when there's no
time to test a person's Rh type.
Blood banks collect, test, and store blood. Screening of blood donors helps to ensure that the donated
blood is safe for transfusion. A variety of different measures, including self-reporting of infectious
exposures and other infectious disease risk factors, and laboratory testing of blood are used. Donors are
screened for HIV infection and are also routinely screened to determine whether they have or have been
exposed to hepatitis. People who have ever had a positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen are
permanently disqualified from donating blood. Donors are also routinely asked questions about possible
exposure to several parasitic diseases, such as malaria, that can be transmitted by blood transfusion.
Travellers to regions where malaria occurs are not permitted to donate blood for one year after they leave
the area.
Not all transfusions use blood donated from a stranger. If you're going to have surgery you may need a
blood transfusion because of blood loss during the operation. If it's surgery that you're able to schedule
months in advance, your doctor may ask whether you would like to use your own blood rather than
donated blood. If you choose to use your own blood, you will need to have blood drawn one or more times
prior to surgery. A blood bank will store your blood for you.
There's currently no man-made alternative to human blood. However, researchers have developed
medicines that may help do the job of some blood parts. For example, some people who have kidney
problems can now take a medicine called erythropoietin that helps their bodies make more red blood cells.
This means they may need fewer blood transfusions.
Pagina 1/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
Answer the following in one or more complete sentences. Use your own words.
1 Although blood transfusions can be life-saving, they are not without risks. Doctors and nurses
check the blood type of a patient before administering a transfusion. Why is the information
concerning blood types important?
……………………………………………………………………………………................................
………………………………………………………………………………………............................
………………………………………………………………………………………............................
……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
…………………………………………………………………………………….................................
……………………………………………………………………………………................................
2 If a patient has A Rh- blood, what type blood can he or she receive?
If a patient has AB Rh+, what blood type can he or she receive?
If a patient is given a blood type that isn't compatible, what could be the consequences?
……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
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……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
3 If there is an emergency situation and a patient needs a blood transfusion, what is the procedure
for blood typing? How will the medical personnel choose the correct blood type to use?
……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
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Pagina 2/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
4 All blood donations are carefully screened for infectious agents. Why would a blood donation
be considered unsuitable (unsafe) for a transfusion?
…………………………………………………………………………………….............................
……………………………………………………………………………………….........................
………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
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…………………………………………………………………………………….........................
5 Is it sometimes possible to use a patients own blood for a transfusions? In what situations is this not
possible? In what situations would this be possible?
……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
……………………………………………………………………………………...............................
………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
6 The graph on the following page shows the units of blood available for blood transfusions in Britain on
June 13th 2012.
Summarize the information; compare and report the main features. Is it possible to know the
complete number of blood units available from the information on the graph?
……………………………………………………………………………………….........................
……………………………………………………………………………………….........................
…………………………………………………………………………………….............................
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Pagina 3/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
Part II Grammar
Sentence Transformation
Complete the second sentence of each pair so that it is as near as possible in meaning to the first beginning
each one as suggested.
1 Joe plans to buy a new computer next year.
Joe is …............................................................................................................... next year.
2 Why don't you leave now? That's what I would do.
If I ….................................................................................................................. leave now.
3 I am sure this isn't the right road.
This …...............................….......................................................................... the right road.
4 Shall I check the spelling for you?
Would you …........................................................................................................... for you?
5 I don't know what to do about the problem.
I wish …............................................................................................................. about the problem.
6 It's not a good idea to eat lots of sweets.
You ......................................................................................................................... lots of sweets.
Grammar Section: Verb forms Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets,
adjusting word order where necessary.
1
2
3
4
5
He asked me a question but I …............................................ the answer.
(not / know)
They …............................................ a new shopping centre in Urbino last year. (open)
Sorry, what ….............................................. when I interrupted you? (you / say)
Wait here. I promise ….............................................. back in two minutes. ( I / be )
What time …............................................ Anne this evening? (you / meet)
6 I don't see them often but I …............................................ them for ten years.
(know)
7 Some of my friends …............................................ a party next week. They've invited a lot of people.
(have)
8 I …............................................ the rubbish out when the door closed behind me. (take)
9 She's a very interesting person. I always enjoy …............................................ to her. (talk)
10 I think that in the future, we …............................................ solar energy to heat our homes. (use)
11 They …............................................ the lottery last month so they're going to buy a new house.
(win)
12 'There's someone at the door.'
'Is there? I …............................................ who it is.' (see)
Modal verbs
Complete the sentences with: can / can't; could / couldn't; should / shouldn't; must / mustn't
1 Passengers …..................................... open the door while the train is moving.
2 …..................................... I speak to the customer service manager?
3 Where do you think we …..................................... go for our holiday this year?
4 Listen! I …..................................... hear voices. There must be someone in the house.
5 I …..................................... find my glasses anywhere. I had to buy a new pair last week.
6 I 'm afraid I …..................................... come to your party tomorrow. I have to work.
Pagina 4/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
Phrasal verbs (multi-part verbs) Complete each of the sentences with one of the words below (There
are two extra words you do not need to use.)
up
1
2
3
4
5
in
off
down
away
back
out
Don't throw …...................... this postcard. I want to keep it.
We can't put …...................... making a decision. We have to decide now.
I called the tourist office to find …....................... about hotels in town.
Please fill …................................... the application form and send it to us by 28 February.
You're driving too fast. Slow …...................... .
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the first or second
conditional:
1
If you eat less , you …........................................... weight. (lose)
2 If he took his medicine, he …..................................... better. (feel)
3 I …..................................... you if I have time tomorrow. (call)
4 If you went to bed earlier, you …..................................... so tired in the morning. (not /feel)
5 What …..................................... if you won the lottery? (you / do)
Active / Passive Put the following sentences into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent.
Put the following sentences into Passive Voice
1. We keep the information on our computer.
The information…..................................................................................................... on our computer.
2. Someone threw the letter away by mistake.
The letter …......................................................................................................................... by mistake.
3 They discovered gold in California in 1848 .
Gold ….................................................................................................................................... in 1848.
4 We will send the books to you this week.
The books …............................................................................................................................ this week.
5 They didn't give me the information I needed.
I wasn't …............................................................................................................................. I needed.
Tradurre in Italiano
English
heart
bones
lungs
blood
liver
brain
muscles
kidneys
Pagina 5/11
Italian
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
Translate the following excerpts into Italian:
All blood donors are asked questions about their medical history to help determine whether they can safely
donate blood. During the donation one unit of blood (approximately 500ml, or 17 fluid ounces) is
removed.
In addition to medical history, donors undergo a brief physical examination before donation to check for
any obvious sign of illness or conditions that would disqualify them from blood donation. The pulse, blood
pressure, and temperature of a donor are checked before donation. A small blood sample is taken and
tested to check for the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. This is done to
ensure that the donor is not anemic or likely to become anemic or iron deficient after they donate.
….......................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
….......................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a peptide hormone that is produced naturally by the human body. EPO is released
from the kidneys and acts on the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.
An increase in red blood cells improves the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry to the body's
muscles. While proper use of EPO has an enormous therapeutic benefit in the treatment of anemia related
to kidney disease, its misuse can lead to serious health risks for athletes who use this substance to improve
their athletic performance. It is well known that EPO, by thickening the blood, leads to an increased risk of
several deadly diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism. EPO has been
banned as an athletic performance enhancing substance since the early 1990s.
A test for EPO was introduced at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia. The test,
validated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was based on the blood and urine matrix. A
blood screening was performed first, and a urine test was then used to confirm the possible use of EPO.
….......................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
….......................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
….......................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
….......................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
Pagina 6/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
ANSWER KEY
Reading Comprehension
Answer the following in one or more complete sentences. Use your own words.
1 Although blood transfusions can be life-saving, they are not without risks. Doctors and nurses
check the blood type of a patient before administering a transfusion. Why is the information
concerning blood types important?
Possible answer:
Doctors check if the patient's blood is type A, type B, type AB or type O and also check for the
presence or absence of the surface antigen Rh because not all blood types are compatible. The blood
used in a transfusion must be compatible with the patient's blood in order to avoid a reaction that
could have serious consequences for the patient's health.
2 If a patient has A Rh- blood, what type blood can he or she receive?
If a patient has AB Rh+, what blood type can he or she receive?
If a patient is given a blood type that isn't compatible, what could be the consequences?
Possible answer.
If a patient has blood type A Rh+, he or she can receive A Rh+
A RhO Rh+
O RhIf a patient has blood type AB Rh+, he or she can receive : AB Rh+
AB RhA Rh+
A RhB Rh+
B RhO Rh+
O RhThere could be an immunological reaction if a patient is given a blood type that isn't compatible
because the receiving patient has antibodies against the donor blood cells.
3 If there is an emergency situation and a patient needs a blood transfusion, what is the
procedure for blood typing? How will the medical personnel choose the correct blood type to
use?
possible answer:
If there is an emergency situation and there is no time to check the patient's blood type, doctors will
use type O blood if a transfusion is necessary because type O is compatible with the blood of almost
everyone. If a person is Rh-, they should only receive Rh- blood so in an emergency situation, only Rhblood is used for a transfusion when there is no time to check the blood type of the patient.
Pagina 7/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
4 All blood donations are carefully screened for infectious agents. Why would a blood
donation be considered unsuitable (unsafe) for a transfusion?
possible answer:
Blood is unsafe if there is the presence of infectious agents. Blood which tests positive for hepatitis or
HIV can never be used for a transfusion. Blood donations are not accepted from anyone who has
recently returned from areas where malaria is endemic.
5 Is it sometimes possible to use a patients own blood for a transfusions? In what situations is
this not possible? In what situations would this be possible?
Possible answer:
If a patient is going to have surgery which can be scheduled, they can donate their own blood to be
used during the surgery if a transfusion becomes necessary. This is not possible for unplanned surgery
or emergency situations because the blood must be drawn many weeks in advance of the surgery.
6 The graph on the following page shows the units of blood available for blood transfusions in
Britain on June 13th 2012.
Summarize the information; compare and report the main features. Is it possible to know the
complete number of blood units available from the information on the graph?
Possible answer:
The graph shows the units of blood available for transfusions on June 13 th 2012.
There is a noticeable difference between the amounts of different blood groups.
There are more units of type O positive than any other blood type (over 18 thousand units), followed by
almost 13,000 units of type A positive. There are significantly fewer units of type O negative although this
type of blood is necessary in emergency situations.
There are similar amounts of type A negative and type B positive available (close to 4,ooo units).
There are very few units of type AB negative and B negative.
It is not possible to know the total number of blood units available because information regarding blood
being held in individual hospital blood banks has not been included.
Pagina 8/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
Part II Grammar
Sentence Transformation
Complete the second sentence of each pair so that it is as near as possible in meaning to the first beginning
each one as suggested.
1 Joe plans to buy a new computer next year .
Joe is going to buy a new computer next year.
2 Why don't you leave now? That's what I would do.
If I were you, I'd leave now.
3 I am sure this isn't the right road.
This can't be the right road.
4 Shall I check the spelling for you?
Would you like me to check the spelling for you?
5 I don't know what to do about the problem.
I wish I knew what to do about the problem.
6 It's not a good idea to eat lots of sweets.
You shouldn't eat lots of sweets.
Grammar Section: Verb forms Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets,
adjusting word order where necessary.
1 He asked me a question but I didn't know the answer.
(not / know)
2 They opened a new shopping centre in Urbino last year. (open)
3 Sorry, what were you saying when I interrupted you? (you / say)
4 Wait here. I promise I'll be back in two minutes. ( I / be )
5 What time are you meeting // are you going to meet Anne this evening? (you / meet)
6 I don't see them often but I've known them for ten years.
(know)
7 Some of my friends are going to have // are having a party next week. They've invited a lot of people.
(have)
8 I was taking the rubbish out when the door closed behind me. (take)
9 She's a very interesting person. I always enjoy talking to her. (talk)
10 I think that in the future, we will use solar energy to heat our homes. (use)
11 They won the lottery last month so they're going to buy a new house.
(win)
12 'There's someone at the door.'
'Is there? I'll see who it is.' (see)
Modal verbs
Complete the sentences with: can / can't; could / couldn't; should / shouldn't; must / mustn't
1 Passengers mustn't open the door while the train is moving. (open)
2
Could // Can I speak to the customer service manager?
3 Where do you think we should go for our holiday this year?
4 Listen! I can hear voices. There must be someone in the house. (hear)
5 I couldn't find my glasses anywhere. I had to buy a new pair last week. (find)
6 I 'm afraid I can't come to your party tomorrow. I have to work.
Pagina 9/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
Phrasal verbs (multi-part verbs) Complete each of the sentences with one of the words below (There
are two extra words you do not need to use.)
up
1
2
3
4
5
in
off
down
away
back
out
Don't throw away this postcard. I want to keep it.
We can't put off making a decision. We have to decide now.
I called the tourist office to find out about hotels in town.
Please fill in the application form and send it to us by 28 February.
You're driving too fast. Slow down .
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the first or second
conditional:
1
If you eat less , you'll lose weight. (lose)
2 If he took his medicine, he would feel better. (feel)
3
I'll call you if I have time tomorrow. (call)
4 If you went to bed earlier, you wouldn't feel so tired in the morning. (not /feel)
5 What would you do if you won the lottery? (you / do)
Active / Passive Put the following sentences into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent.
Put the following sentences into Passive Voice
1. We keep the information on our computer.
The information is kept on our computer.
2. Someone threw the letter away by mistake.
The letter was thrown away by mistake.
3 They discovered gold in California in 1848 .
Gold was discovered in California in 1848.
4 We will send the books to you this week.
The books will be sent to you this week.
5 They didn't give me the information I needed.
I wasn't given the information I needed.
Tradurre in Italiano
English
heart
bones
lungs
blood
liver
brain
muscles
kidneys
Pagina 10/11
Italian
cuore
ossa
polmoni
sangue
fegato
cervello
muscoli
reni
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016
Translate the following excerpts into Italian:
All blood donors are asked questions about their medical history to help determine whether they can safely
donate blood. During the donation one unit of blood (approximately 500ml, or 17 fluid ounces) is
removed.
In addition to medical history, donors undergo a brief physical examination before donation to check for
any obvious sign of illness or conditions that would disqualify them from blood donation. The pulse, blood
pressure, and temperature of a donor are checked before donation. A small blood sample is taken and
tested to check for the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. This is done to
ensure that the donor is not anemic or likely to become anemic or iron deficient after they donate.
………………………………………………………………………………………….................................
Students' own answers
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a peptide hormone that is produced naturally by the human body. EPO is released
from the kidneys and acts on the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.
An increase in red blood cells improves the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry to the body's
muscles. While proper use of EPO has an enormous therapeutic benefit in the treatment of anemia related
to kidney disease, its misuse can lead to serious health risks for athletes who use this substance to improve
their athletic performance. It is well known that EPO, by thickening the blood, leads to an increased risk of
several deadly diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism. EPO has been
banned as an athletic performance enhancing substance since the early 1990s.
A test for EPO was introduced at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia. The test,
validated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was based on the blood and urine matrix. A
blood screening was performed first, and a urine test was then used to confirm the possible use of EPO.
…………………………………………………………………………………………...................................
Students' own answers
Pagina 11/11
Aggiornato il 12/04/2016