Download Organ systems

Animal structure and function
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Form and Function
• Functions result from specific structures
Forearm
Wrist
Finger 1
Palm
Shaft
Finger 2
Finger 3
Shaft
Feather
structure
Barb
Barbule
Hook
Figure 20.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Internal bone structure
Hierarchy of Structure
Cells ->
Tissues ->
A Cellular level
Muscle cell
Organs ->
B Tissue level
Muscle tissue
Organ system ->
C Organ level
Heart
D Organ system level
Circulatory system
E Organism level
Many organ systems
functioning together
Figure 20.2A–E
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Organism
Tissues
•Groups of similar cells, same function
•Types
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial tissue
• Functions: protection, secretion, and exchange
Underlying
tissue
Cell
nuclei
A Simple squamous epithelium
(lining the air sacs of the lung)
D Stratified squamous epithelium
(lining the esophagus)
Layers of
dead cells
B Simple cuboidal epithelium
(forming a tube in the kidney)
Rapidly dividing
epithelial cells
C Simple columnar epithelium
(lining the intestine)
Figure 20.4A–E
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Colorized SEM
Basement
membrane
(extracellular
matrix)
Free surface of
epithelium
E Stratified squamous epithelium
(human skin)
Connective tissue
Functions and types: ?
Loose CT, adipose, blood, fibrous, bone,
cartilage
Fat
droplets
Cartilageforming
cells
C Adipose tissue
Cell
nucleus
Matrix
D Cartilage
(at the end of a bone)
Collagen
fibers
B Fibrous connective tissue
(forming a tendon)
Cell
Collagen
fiber
Figure 20.5A–F
Elastic
fibers
Central
canal
White blood
cells
Matrix
Boneforming
cells
Red blood
cell
E Bone
Plasma
A Loose connective tissue
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(under the skin)
F Blood
Muscle tissue
Functions and types: Skeletal, smooth and
cardiac
Unit of
muscle
contraction
Muscle
fiber
Muscle
fiber
Junction between
two cells
Nucleus
Nucleus
Muscle fiber
Nucleus
B Cardiac muscle
A Skeletal muscle
Figure 20.6A–C
C Smooth muscle
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nervous tissue
•Communication network
• Neurons transmit nerve signals
– Electrical and chemical
Cell body
Nucleus
LM 330
Cell extensions
Figure 20.7
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs
• Made of several tissues
Lumen
Small intestine
(cut open)
Lumen
Epithelial tissue
(columnar epithelium)
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
tissue (2 layers)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Figure 20.9
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Organ systems
•May have multiple functions
•11 systems in humans
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Digestive and respiratory systems
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Stomach
Small
intestine
Lung
Large
intestine
Anus
A Digestive system
Figure 20.10A, B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
B Respiratory system
Circulatory and lymphatic (immune) system
•Moves food and oxygen
•Protection
Bone
marrow
Heart
D Immune system
Thymus
Spleen
E Lymphatic system Lymph
nodes
Blood
vessels
C Circulatory system
Figure 20.10C–E
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lymph
vessels
More systems
• Excretory
• Endocrine and nervous systems
– Control body functions
Pituitary gland
F Excretory system
Thyroid gland
Kidney
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Ureter
Pancreas
Urinary
bladder
Testis
(male)
Urethra
Ovary
(female)
G Endocrine system
Figure 20.10F–G
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
More Systems
• Integumentary system
• Skeletal and muscular systems
Hair
Cartilage
Skin
Nails
Skeletal
muscles
Bones
I Integumentary system
Figure 20.10I–K
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J Skeletal system
K Muscular system
Reproductive system
Male
Female
Prostate
gland
Vas
deferens
Oviduct
Ovary
Urethra
Uterus
Penis
Vagina
Testis
Figure 20.10L
L Reproductive systems
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Seeing Inside
Computed tomography (CT) scans
Figure 20.11A
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Figure 20.11B
MRM
• Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) 3D!
Figure 20.11C
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PET
• Positron-emission tomography (PET)
MAX
HEARING
WORDS
SEEING
WORDS
SPEAKING
WORDS
GENERATING
WORDS
Figure 20.11D
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MIN
Interactions with External Environment
Open systems:
Exchange between animals and
environment
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Interactions with External Environment
Small animals
• Use surface area to meet their cells’ needs
Mouth
Diffusion
Diffusion
Gastrovascular
cavity
Figure 20.12A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Two
cell
layers
Interactions with External Environment
Larger animals
• Specialized structures to increase surface area
• Exchange in interstitial fluid
External environment
Mouth
Food
CO2
O2
Animal
Respiratory
system
Digestive
system
Interstitial
fluid
Nutrients
Circulatory
system
Body
cells
Excretory
system
Intestine
Anus
Figure 20.12B
Metabolic waste
Unabsorbed
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as Benjamin Cummings
matter (feces)
products (urine)
Larger animals
Figure 20.12C
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Homeostasis
Regulation of internal environment
Staying within safe levels
Maintain constant internal environment
External
environment
Internal
environment
Homeostatic
mechanisms
Large
fluctuations
Figure 20.13A
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Figure 20.13B
Small
fluctuations
Negative Feedback
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Figure 1.5
Positive Feedback
output enhances or
exaggerates the
original stimulus
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Figure 1.6
Thermoregulation
Ectotherms
Endotherms
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
LE 40-12
40
River otter (endotherm)
Body temperature (°C)
30
20
Largemouth bass (ectotherm)
10
0
10
20
40
30
Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)
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Thermoregulation
Heat loss/gain
• Integumentary system
• Evaporation
• Behavior
• Vasodilation/-constriction
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings