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Slide 1 PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Endocrine System 9 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PART B Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2 Thyroid Gland Found at the base of the throat Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus Produces two hormones Thyroid hormone Calcitonin ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Thyroid Gland Figure 9.7a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4 Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormone Major metabolic hormone Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones Thyroxine (T4)—secreted by thyroid follicles Triiodothyronine (T3)—conversion of T4 at target tissues Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 5 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Thyroid Gland Figure 9.7b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormone disorders Goiters Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine Salt is iodized to prevent goiters Cretinism Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine Results in dwarfism during childhood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Thyroid Gland Figure 9.8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8 Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormone disorders (continued) Myxedema Caused by hypothyroidism in adults Results in physical and mental slugishness Graves’ disease Caused by hyperthyroidism Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 9 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Thyroid Gland Figure 9.9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10 Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone Produced by parafollicular cells Parafollicular cells are found between the follicles ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Thyroid Gland Figure 9.7b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12 Parathyroid Glands Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium Raise calcium levels in the blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 13 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Calcitonin Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Thyroid gland Rising blood Ca2+ levels Falling blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Thyroid gland Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood Parathyroid glands PTH ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Figure 9.10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 14 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Rising blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.10, step 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 15 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Thyroid gland Rising blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.10, step 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 16 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcitonin Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Thyroid gland Rising blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Figure 9.10, step 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 17 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Calcitonin Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Thyroid gland Rising blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.10, step 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 18 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Calcitonin Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Thyroid gland Rising blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.10, step 5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 19 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Falling blood Ca2+ levels ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.10, step 6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 20 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Falling blood Ca2+ levels Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Figure 9.10, step 7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 21 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Falling blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) PTH ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.10, step 8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 22 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Falling blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) PTH ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.10, step 9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 23 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) PTH ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.10, step 10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 24 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Calcitonin Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Thyroid gland Rising blood Ca2+ levels Falling blood Ca2+ levels Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Thyroid gland Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood Parathyroid glands PTH Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Figure 9.10, step 11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 25 Adrenal Glands Sit on top of the kidneys Two regions Adrenal cortex—outer glandular region has three layers Mineralocorticoids secreting area Glucocorticoids secreting area Sex hormones secreting area Adrenal medulla—inner neural tissue region ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 26 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 27 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Produced in outer adrenal cortex Regulate mineral content in blood Regulate water and electrolyte balance Target organ is the kidney Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone Production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 28 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 29 Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol) Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex Promote normal cell metabolism Help resist long-term stressors Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 30 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Short term More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers ACTH Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Mineralocorticoids Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Short-term stress response 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate Glucocorticoids Long-term stress response 1. Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy 2. Increased blood sugar 3. Suppression of immune system ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 31 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Short term Stress Hypothalamus Figure 9.13, step 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 32 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Figure 9.13, step 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 33 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Adrenal medulla Figure 9.13, step 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 34 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Adrenal medulla Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Short-term stress response Figure 9.13, step 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 35 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Adrenal medulla Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Short-term stress response 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate Figure 9.13, step 5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 36 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Stress More prolonged Hypothalamus Figure 9.13, step 6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 37 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.13, step 7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 38 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH Adrenal cortex ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.13, step 8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 39 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH Adrenal cortex Mineralocorticoids Long-term stress response ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.13, step 9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 40 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH Mineralocorticoids Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids Long-term stress response Figure 9.13, step 10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 41 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH Mineralocorticoids Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids Long-term stress response 1. Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.13, step 11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 42 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH Mineralocorticoids Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids Long-term stress response 1. Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy 2. Increased blood sugar 3. Suppression of immune system ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.13, step 12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 43 Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Short term More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary Spinal cord Preganglionic sympathetic fibers ACTH Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Mineralocorticoids Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Short-term stress response 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate Glucocorticoids Long-term stress response 1. Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy 2. Increased blood sugar 3. Suppression of immune system ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.13, step 13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 44 Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Sex hormones Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex Small amounts are made throughout life Mostly androgens (male sex hormones) are made but some estrogens (female sex hormones) are also formed Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 45 Adrenal Glands Adrenal cortex disorders Addison’s disease Results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones Bronze skin tone, muscles are weak, burnout, susceptibility to infection Hyperaldosteronism May result from an ACTH-releasing tumor Excess water and sodium are retained leading to high blood pressure and edema ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 46 Adrenal Glands Adrenal cortex disorders Cushing’s syndrome Results from a tumor in the middle cortical area of the adrenal cortex ―Moon face,‖ ―buffalo hump‖ on the upper back, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, weakening of bones, depression Masculinization Results from hypersecretion of sex hormones ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Beard and male distribution of hair growth Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 47 Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines) Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (―fight or flight‖) by Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels Dilating small passageways of lungs ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 48 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 49 Pancreatic Islets The pancreas is a mixed gland and has both endocrine and exocrine functions The pancreatic islets produce hormones Insulin—allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells Glucagon—allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 50 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Pancreatic Islets Figure 9.14a–b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 51 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Pancreatic Islets Figure 9.14b–c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 52 Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Uptake of glucose from blood is enhanced in most body cells Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Low blood sugar levels Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15 Slide 53 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Figure 9.15, step 1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 54 Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Figure 9.15, step 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 55 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Figure 9.15, step 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 56 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Figure 9.15, step 4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 57 Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Uptake of glucose from blood is enhanced in most body cells Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Figure 9.15, step 5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 58 Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Uptake of glucose from blood is enhanced in most body cells Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Figure 9.15, step 6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 59 Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Uptake of glucose from blood is enhanced in most body cells Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.15, step 7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 60 Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Figure 9.15, step 8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 61 Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.15, step 9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 62 Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.15, step 10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 63 Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 9.15, step 11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 64 Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Figure 9.15, step 12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 65 Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Uptake of glucose from blood is enhanced in most body cells Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Low blood sugar levels Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Figure 9.15, step 13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 66 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Pineal Gland Found on the third ventricle of the brain Secretes melatonin Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 67 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Location of Major Endrocrine Organs Figure 9.3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 68 Thymus Gland Located posterior to the sternum Largest in infants and children Produces thymosin Matures some types of white blood cells Important in developing the immune system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 69 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Gonads Ovaries Produce eggs Produce two groups of steroid hormone Estrogens Progesterone Testes Produce sperm Produce androgens, such as testosterone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 70 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Location of Major Endrocrine Organs Figure 9.3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 71 Hormones of the Ovaries Estrogens Stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics Mature female reproductive organs With progesterone, estrogens also Promote breast development Regulate menstrual cycle ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 72 Hormones of the Ovaries Progesterone Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus Helps prepare breasts for lactation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 73 Hormones of the Testes Produce several androgens Testosterone is the most important androgen Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system Required for sperm cell production ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PLAY Male Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 74 Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs Parts of the small intestine Parts of the stomach Kidneys Heart Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 75 Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Table 9.2 (1 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 76 Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs Table 9.2 (2 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 77 Endocrine Function of the Placenta Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 78 Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common Growth hormone production declines with age Many endocrine glands decrease output with age Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
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