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Page references followed by t and f indicate tables and figures, respectively. A AAOS. See American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Abandonment, 88t Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 66t, 67 Abdominal ultrasonography, 66t, 67 ABI. See Ankle-brachial index Abstinence from alcohol, 298 Abuse. See Elder mistreatment Acarbose (Precose), 387t ACC. See American College of Cardiology Acculturation of ethnic elders, 53 ACE. See Acute Care for Elders Acetaminophen (Tylenol) for delirium, 244 for osteoarthritis, 437 for persistent pain, 143t, 145 ACOG. See American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 341 Acral lentiginous melanoma, 318, 318f Actinic cheilitis, 317 Actinic keratoses, 317, 317f Activities of daily living (ADLs), 46, 46t Barthel ADL Index, 113 instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), 4–5, 6f self-reported limitations of Medicare beneficiaries, 4–5, 6f Actos (pioglitazone), 387t Acute anticoagulation, 492–493 Acute care, 122. See also Hospital care Acute Care for Elders (ACE), 97 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III), 28 Acyclovir, 315 Adalimumab, 442 Adaptive behavioral difficulties in mental retardation, 305 Adaptive methods for rehabilitation, 117, 118–119 Addiction, 146 alcohol abuse, 298–304 alcoholism, 66t, 67, 185, 186t chronic hypnotic use, 257–258 drug abuse, 298–304 drug dependence, 251, 298 opioid, 146 substance abuse, 298–299, 302–303 Addressing the health provider, 52 Addressing the patient, 51 Adenoma, functional adrenocortical, 377, 377t ADEs. See Adverse drug events Adhesive capsulitis, 434 ADLs. See Activities of daily living Adrenal androgens, 377–378 Adrenal cortex disorders, 376–378 Adrenal incidentaloma, 377, 377t Adrenal neoplasms, 377 -Adrenergic agonists adverse effects of, 152, 152t and incontinence, 185t -Adrenergic agonists, 328t -Adrenergic antagonists or -blockers for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 424, 424t, 425 for hypertension, 365 and incontinence, 185t -Adrenergic antagonists. See -Blockers Adrenocortical adenoma, functional, 377t Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test, 377 Adult day care, 129 Adult foster care, 132 Adult Protective Services (APS), 90 Advance care plans, 25, 180, 227. See also Advance directives Advance directives, 29. See also Advance care plans assessment of, 48 attitudes toward, 55 Adverse drug events, 76 definition of, 76 risk factors for, 76, 76t upper gastrointestinal, 393, 393t AEDs. See Antiepileptic drugs Aerobic activity recommendations, 59, 60 Affective disorders and incontinence, 185, 186t and mental retardation, 305 Age-related changes, 174–175 in auditory system, 155–156 in body composition, 174 bone remodeling and bone loss, 210–211 in calcium homeostasis, 373, 375t cardiovascular, 345t cellular, 11 in eating, 181 in energy requirements, 174 in female sexuality, 416 in fibroblast gene expression or cell senescence, or both, 12–13, 13t in fluid needs, 175 in gene expression, 12 in immune function, 332, 333t in macronutrient needs, 174–175 in male sexuality, 418 in micronutrient requirements, 175 in oral tissues, 319–320, 320t in pharmacodynamics, 74–75 in pharmacokinetics, 72–74 potentially resulting in urinary incontinence, 185, 186t pulmonary, 326 risk factors for, 187 in salivary function, 322–323 in sleep, 249–250 in swallowing, 181 in teeth, 319–320, 320t Age-related hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, 376 Age-related macular degeneration, 150–151, 150f rehabilitation for, 154 Agency for Health Care Policy and Research approach to smoking cessation, 328 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) guidelines for preventing pressure ulcers, 260, 261 guidelines for treatment of pressure ulcers, 262, 266 Aggression in dementia, 237 intermittent, 237–238 Aging, 309 biology of, 8–16 characteristics of, 8–9 demography of, 1–8 resources, 504–508 theories of, 9–10, 9t Agitated delirium, 246, 246t Agitation in dementia, 231, 232, 283, 284t intermittent, 237–238 Agoraphobia, 284t AGS. See American Geriatrics Society AHA. See American Heart Association AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 341 Albumin levels, 176, 333 Albuterol, 328t Albuterol-ipratropium, 328t Alcohol at-risk drinking, 300 benefits of consumption of, 300 and delirium, 245t heavy drinking, 299 and incontinence, 185, 185t, 186t low-risk or moderate use of, 299 nutrient interactions, 177t Alcohol abuse, 298–304 brief interventions for, 303 clinical settings, 300 cultural and demographic factors, 300 heavy drinking, 299 magnitude of the problem, 299–300 pharmacotherapy for, 303 and sleep problems, 251 treatment of, 302–303 Alcohol-related dementia, 301 Alcoholics Anonymous, 302 Alcoholics Victorious, 302 Alcoholism and incontinence, 185, 186t Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), 301 recommended preventive services for, 66t screening for, 66t, 67 Aldosterone antagonists, 353 Aldosteronism, primary, 377t Alendronate, 215, 216t ALFs. See Assisted living facilities Allergic conjunctivitis, 153 -Adrenergic agonists adverse effects of, 152, 152t and incontinence, 185t -Adrenergic antagonists or -blockers for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 424, 424t, 425 for hypertension, 365 and incontinence, 185t Alprazolam, 245t Alprostadil, 420, 421–422, 421t Alteplase, 461 Altered mental status. See Delirium Alternative medicine, 80–86 Alzheimer's disease behavioral problems in, 233 deaths due to, 5, 6t dementia associated with, 83, 224, 224t, 233 diagnostic features of, 224t differential diagnosis of, 224 general progression of, 226t genetic testing and, 29 pharmacologic treatment of, 228–229 protective factors for, 222t risk factors for, 222t AMA. See American Medical Association Amantadine, 245t, 464 Ambulance services, 34t Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, 171 American Academy of Family Physicians joint guidelines, 95–96 Nutrition Screening Initiative, 177 recommendations for management of AF, 356–357 American Academy of Neurology recommendations for physical activity, 58t American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations for comprehensive eye examinations, 149 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis, 340 recommendations for physical activity, 58t American Cancer Society recommendations for prostate cancer screening, 426 American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines for coronary revascularization in treatment of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, 347, 348t guidelines for diagnosing CAD, 346 guidelines for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery, 100 indications for automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, 356t indications for early invasive treatment of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, 348t indications for permanent pacemaker implantation in bradyarrhythmias, 358t American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) classification of pelvic organ prolapse, 413, 413t American College of Physicians joint guidelines, 95–96 recommendations for management of AF, 356–357 recommendations for prostate cancer screening, 426 American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia, 432–433 diagnostic criteria for giant cell arteritis, 439 diagnostic criteria for osteoarthritis, 436t diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus, 442 recommendations for treating osteoarthritis, 437 American College of Sports Medicine recommendations for physical activity, 58t, 62 American Dental Association recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis, 340 American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus, 383 recommendations for physical activity, 58t American Dietetic Association, 177 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) assisted living facilities position statement, 494–495 guidelines for prevention of falls recommendations, 497–498 guidelines for research using cognitively impaired persons as subjects, 26, 26t recommendations for physical activity, 58t recommendations for treating osteoarthritis, 437 Web site resources, 503 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for coronary revascularization in treatment of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, 347, 348t guidelines for diagnosing CAD, 346 guidelines for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery, 100 guidelines for prophylactic antibiotics to prevent bacterial endocarditis, 354, 355 indications for automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, 356t indications for early invasive treatment of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, 348t indications for permanent pacemaker implantation in bradyarrhythmias, 358t recommendations for driving after syncope, 173 recommendations for endocarditis prophylaxis, 340 recommendations for physical activity, 58t Web site, 102 American Medical Association (AMA) recommendations for fair process, 331 Web site, 90 American Medical Directors Association, 123 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of physical status, 100, 100t American Urogynecologic Association classification of pelvic organ prolapse, 413 American Urological Association recommendations for prostate cancer screening, 426 Amiodarone, 357 Amitriptyline, 245t Amputation for circulatory system disorders, 38t rehabilitation for, 117 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 468 Anakinra, 442 Analgesia. See also Pain management; Palliative care and incontinence, 185t narcotic, 185t Androgen ablation, complete, 429 Androgens adrenal, 377–378 in men, 212 Anemia, 471–476 causes of, 472t of chronic disease, 473 diagnosis of, 474f hemolytic, 472t, 473, 476 hypoproliferative, 472t, 473–475 macrocytic, 475 physiologic classification of, 472t presentation of, 472 work-up of, 472–473 Aneurysm, aortic abdominal, 66t, 67 Aneurysms and dissections, 358–359 Angina pectoris screening for, 69t stable, 347 unstable, 347, 348t Angiodysplasia, 397 colonic, 397–398 Angioplasty, percutaneous transluminal coronary, 349 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors drug interactions, 77t for heart failure, 352 for hypertension, 364 and incontinence, 185t Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists, 352–353 Angiotensin-receptor blockers, 364 Anhedonia, 269 Ankle-brachial index (ABI), 359 Anorexia, 137 Anserine bursitis, 435 Antacids, 177t Anthropometrics, 175 Antiarrhythmics drug interactions, 77t and incontinence, 185t Antibiotic therapy guidelines for prophylactic antibiotics to prevent bacterial endocarditis, 354, 355 for infections, 334, 335t minimum criteria for initiation in long-term care settings, 334, 335t nutrient interactions, 177t for prostatitis, 429 recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis, 340 Anticholinergics, 185t, 245t Anticoagulation, 491–493 acute, 492–493 for atrial fibrillation, 357 for deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism prophylaxis and treatment, 492t–493t for heart failure, 352 indications for, 491t for total hip and knee arthroplasty, 116 Anticonvulsants. See also specific agents and delirium, 245t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 277–279, 278t for persistent pain management, 143t Antidepressants. See also specific agents for anxiety disorders, 283–284 choice of, 273–276 and delirium, 245t for dementia, 229 for depression, 275–276, 276t for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 234, 235t drug interactions, 77t and incontinence, 185t for insomnia, 257t sedating, 257t tricyclic, 143t, 147, 235t, 274, 275t Antidiarrheals, 185t Antidiuretic hormone, inappropriate secretion of, 376 Antiepileptic drugs, 467, 468t Antihistamines for anxiety disorders, 284 and delirium, 245t and incontinence, 185t Antimuscarinics, 190t Antioxidants, 69t, 228 Antiparkinsonians, 185t, 245t Antiplatelet therapy, 459–460 Antipsychotics. See also specific agents for anxiety disorders, 284, 284t atypical, 229, 245t, 284, 284t and delirium, 245t for dementia, 229 dosing and side effects, 287–288, 288t drug interactions, 77t and incontinence, 185t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 278t, 279 for psychosis in dementia, 236–237, 236t Antisocial personality disorder features of, 291, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Antispasmodics, 185t Anxiety disorders, 281–285 classes of, 281–283 comorbidity, 283 in dementia, 283, 284t generalized anxiety disorder, 283, 284t and incontinence, 185, 186t and medical disorders, 283 mixed anxiety and depression, 283, 284t panic disorder, 281–282, 284t pharmacologic management of, 283–284 psychologic management of, 284–285 treatment strategies for, 284t types of, 281, 281t Aortic regurgitation, 355 Aortic stenosis, valvular, 354–355 APACHE III (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation), 28 Apathetic thyrotoxicosis, 371 Apnea, sleep, 251–252, 329 APOE gene, 222 Appetite stimulants, 179 APS. See Adult Protective Services Arch pain, 453 Argatroban, 493t Aripiprazole, 236–237, 236t Arixtra (fondaparinux), 492t Arrhythmias, cardiac, 171, 356–358 Arterial disease peripheral, 358–360 vertebrobasilar, 460 Arterial ulcers, 311–312, 312t Arteriosclerotic parkinsonism, 197 Arteriovascular disease, 185, 186t Arteriovenous malformation, 397 Arthritis activity recommendations for, 58t CAM use for, 81–82 diagnostic criteria for, 436t, 440t exercise treatment of, 431 of foot, 457 osteoarthritis, 436–437 prevalence of symptoms, 4, 4f rheumatoid, 440–443 Arthroplasty, total hip and knee, 116–117 ASA. See American Society of Anesthesiologists Asian Americans burning mouth syndrome in, 324 CAM use by, 81 cancer incidence, 481, 481t intracerebral hemorrhage in, 460 nursing-home population, 120 Aspiration, 182 Aspiration pneumonia, 182 Aspirin therapy for acute MI, 347–348 antithrombotic, 478 for occlusive peripheral vascular disease, 359 preventive, 66t, 69t, 70, 347, 459–460 for stable angina pectoris, 347 for stroke prevention, 459–460 for unstable angina pectoris or non-Q-wave MI, 347 Assessment, 45–50. See also Screening of amputation, 117 of back pain, 447–449, 448t cognitive, 47–48 Competency Assessment Test, 24 comprehensive geriatric, 49, 113 in home care, 126–127 of lower back pain, 448t MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool—Treatment, 24 of neck pain, 450 nutrition, 175–177 of older drivers, 49 Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), 110, 125 of pain in cognitively impaired persons, 142 of persistent pain, 140–141 physical, 46–47 preoperative, 100–103 of pressure ulcers, 262–264 psychological, 48 rapid screening followed by, 45–46, 45t social, 48 of stroke severity, 114 of total hip and knee arthroplasty, 116 Assisted living facilities, 3, 131–132 AGS position statement, 494–495 prevention of falls in, 497 Assistive devices for listening, 159, 161t for prevention of falls, 498 in rehabilitation, 117–119 Asthma, 327 Asthmatic COPD, 329 At-risk drinking, 300 At-risk drug use brief interventions for, 303 definition of, 298 Atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus, 385–386 prevention and management of, 385–386 preventive activities for, 69t Atorvastatin, 351t Atrial fibrillation, 356–357 in hospitalized patients, 92t, 95–96 indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t interventions for, 92t recommendations for management of, 356–357 Atrophy multiple system, 464–465 urogenital, 411, 412f vulvovaginal, 411, 412f Attention tests, 240, 241t AudioScope, 47 Auditory system changes, 155–156 Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators ACC/AHA indications for, 356t for ventricular arrhythmias, 356 Autonomy, 29 Avandamet (rosiglitazone and metformin), 388t Avandia (rosiglitazone), 387t Aventyl (nortriptyline), 143t, 275t Avoidant personality disorder features of, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Axillary lymphadenectomy, 486 Azathioprine, 444 B B-type natriuretic peptide, 352 Back pain, 445 assessment of, 447–449, 448t CAM treatment for, 82 causes of, 445–447, 445t history, 447 laboratory tests and imaging, 448–449 management of, 449 physical examination of, 447–448, 448t Baclofen (Lioresal), 143t Bacteremia, 335 Bacterial endocarditis, 354, 355 Bacterial meningitis, 341 Bacteruria, asymptomatic, 337–338 Baker cyst, 435–436 Balance assessment, 47 Balance training, 59, 61–62 Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA 97), 40–41, 121, 125 Balanced Budget Revision Act of 1999, 42 Barbiturates, 245t Barthel ADL Index, 113 Basal cell carcinoma, 317–318, 318f Beclomethasone, 328t Bedsores. See Pressure ulcers Behavioral interventions. See also Cognitive behavioral therapy for dementia care, 233–234, 233t for insomnia, 237, 237t programs for prevention of falls, 498 for urinary incontinence, 188t, 190–191, 190t, 191t, 499–500 Behavioral problems adaptive difficulties, 305 assessment of, 232–233 basic approach to treatment of, 233–234 clinical features of, 231–232 in dementia, 231–238, 235t differential diagnosis of, 232–233 disorders in aging adults with mental retardation, 305–306 drugs to treat depressive features of, 234–235, 235t with manic features, 234–235, 235t manic-like syndromes, 234–235, 235t Bell's palsy, 342 Benign cutaneous growths, 316–317 Benign positional vertigo, 163 Epley's maneuver for, 163, 164f management of, 166 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 423–425 CAM treatments for, 84 diagnosis of, 423–424 epidemiology of, 423 lower urinary tract symptoms of, 423 management options for, 424, 424t medical treatment of, 424–425 Benzodiazepines, 276 for anxiety disorders, 284 chronic use of, 257 and delirium, 245t drug interactions, 77t for insomnia, 257t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 278t Benztropine, 245t Bereavement, 18 assessment of, 48 differential diagnosis of, 271 and sleep problems, 251 therapy for, 272, 272t -Blockers for acute MI, 348 adverse effects of, 152, 152t for anxiety disorders, 284t for heart failure, 353 for hypertension, 365 after myocardial infarction, 348–349 perioperative, 100 for stable angina pectoris, 347 for unstable angina pectoris and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, 348 for ventricular arrhythmias, 356 Betamethasone, 439 Biceps tendinitis, 433 Biguanides, 386, 387t Biliary disease, 393–394 Bioavailability, 72 Biofeedback for urinary incontinence, 191t Biologic therapy for cancer, 484 safety of agents, 85 Biology of aging, 8–16 of cancer, 480–481 Biopsy, kidney, 403–404 Biotin, 175t Biphosphate emollient enema (Fleet), 105t Bipolar disorder clinical presentation and diagnosis of, 270 management of, 277–279 Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), 105t Bisphosphonates instructions for administration of, 216t for osteoporosis prevention and treatment, 215–216, 216t Black Americans CAM use by, 81 cancer diagnosis and survival, 481, 481t cancer incidence in, 481, 481t hypertension in, 361 intracerebral hemorrhage in, 460 leading causes of death for, 5, 6t life expectancy of, 1, 2t multiple myeloma in, 487 nursing-home population, 120 oral cancer in, 323 perceived health of Medicare beneficiaries, 4, 5t poverty rates in, 2 prostate cancer in, 425 self-reported functional limitations of Medicare beneficiaries, 4–5, 6f social status and health of, 18–19 Bladder cancer racial differences in diagnosis and survival, 481, 481t screening for, 71t Bladder diary, 189, 191 Bladder outlet obstruction, 187, 193 Bladder training, 190, 190t, 191t, 499 Bladder urge control procedures, 500 Bleeding And anticoagulation, 491t gastrointestinal, 397 postmenopausal vaginal, 414–415, 414t upper gastrointestinal, 112t Bleeding diatheses, 477 Blood chemistry panels, annual, 71t Blood pressure. See also Hypertension; Hypotension CAM use for, 82–83 classification of, 361–362, 362t screening, 66t Body composition changes, 174 Body mass index, 47, 65, 175, 175t Body size classification, 175, 175t Bone, Paget's disease of, 375–376 Bone formation changes, 212 Bone infections, 341 Bone loss, 210–211. See also Osteomalacia; Osteoporosis Bone mineral density testing, 66t, 67, 213–214 indications for, 213t Bone remodeling, 210–211, 214 Bone resources, 511 Borderline personality disorder features of, 291, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Brachytherapy, 428, 428t Braden Scale, 260 Bradyarrhythmias, 357–358 Bradykinesia, 463 Brain disease, structural, 271 Brain imaging, 223 Breast cancer, 485–486 adjuvant hormonal treatment of, 486 biologic therapy for, 484 CAM treatment for, 84 characteristics of, 480–481 ethnic and racial differences in incidence, 481, 481t hormonal therapy for, 484t metastatic, 486 racial differences in diagnosis and survival, 481, 481t recommended preventive services for, 66t screening for, 67 Breathing, sleep-disordered, 251–252, 329 Breathing disorders resources, 511–512 Breathlessness, 138 British Geriatrics Society recommendations for physical activity, 58t Bromocriptine, 464 Budesonide, 328t Bullous pemphigoid, 312–313, 313f Bunions, 452t Bupropion (Wellbutrin SR), 235t, 275, 276t Burning mouth syndrome, 324 Burns, 66t Bursitis, anserine, 435 Buspirone, 284 Bypass surgery coronary artery, 100, 349 lower extremity, 360 C Cachexia, 137 CAGE Questionnaire, 301, 301t Calcaneal spur, 452t Calcitonin, 216t, 217 Calcium, 179 counseling for intake of, 66t deficiency of, 211 disorders of metabolism of, 373–376 drug interactions, 177t foods containing, 215t homeostasis alterations, 373, 375t for osteoporosis prevention and treatment, 214 RDAs for persons aged 71 and older, 175t Calcium channel blockers drug interactions, 77t for heart failure, 354 for hypertension, 364–365 and incontinence, 185t Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, 438–439 Caloric restriction theory of aging, 9t, 10, 15 CAM. See Complementary and alternative medicine; Confusion Assessment Method Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination recommendations for prostate cancer screening, 426 Cancer, 479–488 biologic therapy for, 484 biology of, 480–481 bladder cancer, 71t, 481, 481t breast cancer, 66t, 67, 84, 480–481, 481t, 484, 484t, 485–486 CAM use for, 84–85 cervical, 66t, 67 characteristics of, 480–481 chemotherapy for, 483–484, 483t colon cancer, 69t, 398–399, 481, 481t, 486 colorectal cancer, 66t, 67–68, 398–399 endometrial cancer, 481, 481t, 484t esophageal cancer, 392 ethnic and racial differences in incidence, 481, 481t hematologic, 487–488 hormonal therapy for, 483–484, 484t lip cancer, 323 lung cancer, 71t, 85, 481, 481t, 486 management principles, 481–485, 488 multiple myeloma, 212t, 487–488 oral cancer, 66t, 323, 324 ovarian cancer screening, 71t pancreatic cancer screening, 71t prevalence of, 4, 4f, 480 preventive activities for, 69t prostate cancer, 69t, 70, 84–85, 425–429, 481, 481t, 484t quality-of-life issues, 485 racial differences in diagnosis and survival, 481, 481t radiation therapy for, 484–485 recommended preventive services for, 66t resources, 509 screening for, 69–70, 69t, 71t, 482–483 skin cancers, 69–70, 69t, 317–319 surgery for, 485 thyroid cancer, 373 Candidiasis, 315 oral, 324 Canes, 117–118 Capacity to Consent to Treatment Instrument, 24 Capitation structures, 31 Program of All-inclusive Care of the Elderly (PACE), 130 Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Epitol) for behavioral disturbances in dementia with manic features, 235, 235t for epilepsy, 468t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 277–279, 278t for persistent pain, 147 for persistent pain management, 143t Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 152, 152t Cardiac arrhythmias, 171t, 356–357 Cardiac care, preoperative, 100, 101f Cardiovascular disease, 344–361 activity recommendations for, 58t associated with incontinence, 185, 186t CAM treatment for, 82–83 deaths due to, 5, 6t indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t ischemic heart disease, 345–349 occlusive peripheral vascular disease, 359–360 peripheral vascular disease, 457 prevalence of, 4, 4f resources, 511 risk factors in older diabetic patients, 385, 385t valvular heart disease, 354–356 Cardiovascular system ACC/AHA Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery, 100 age-related changes that affect, 345t postoperative management of problems, 103–104 preoperative assessment and management of, 100–102 Caregivers assessment of, 48 communication with, 227 resources for, 506, 507, 508 support for, 128 Caregiving, 18 risk factors for inadequate or abusive caregiving, 86–87, 87t Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, 173 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 434–435 Cataract, 149–150 Cathepsin C, 13 Catheters, urethral, 193–194 CCRCs. See Continuing-care retirement communities Celecoxib, 441 Celexa (citalopram), 274t Cell cycle control proteins, 12–13, 13t Cell death, 14–15 Cell senescence, 12–13, 13t Cellular defense mechanisms, 13–14 Cellulitis, 38t Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 31, 121. See also Health Care Financing Administration Cephulac (lactulose), 105t Cerebral insufficiency, 228–229 Cerebrovascular disease, 38t, 459–461 deaths due to, 5, 6t and incontinence, 185, 186t prevalence of, 4, 4f prevention of, 66t, 69t rehabilitation for, 113–115 Cervical cancer, 66t, 67 CGA. See Comprehensive geriatric assessment Charles Bonnet syndrome, 289 Chemoprophylaxis of MI, TIA, or stroke, 66t, 69t,, 70 Chemoreceptor trigger zone, 146 Chemosensory perception, 324 Chemotherapy in geriatric oncology, 483, 483t Cherry angiomas, 316–317 Chest radiography, annual, 71t Chloral hydrate, 245t Chlordiazepoxide, 245t Cholesterol level, 176. See also Dyslipidemia activity recommendations for, 58t LDL goals, 345, 385–386 Choline, 175t Choline magnesium trisalicylate (Tricosal, Trilisate), 143t Cholinesterase inhibitors, 228, 229 Chondrocalcinosis, 438–439 Chondroitin sulfate, 437 Chorea, 465–466 Choroidal neovascularization, 150f Chromosomal alterations theory of aging, 9t, 10 Chronic deep venous insufficiency, 360 Chronic lower respiratory disease, 6t Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 487 Chronic myeloproliferative disorders, 478–479 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 38t, 328–329 asthmatic, 329 preoperative assessment and management of, 102 prevalence of, 4, 4f recommended preventive services for, 66t Chronic renal insufficiency, 404 Chronic subdural hematoma, 461 Chronic vestibulopathy, 163 Circulatory system disorders with acute myocardial infarction, 38t age-related changes, 345t amputation for, 38t resources, 511 Circumduction, 196t, 198t Citalopram (Celexa), 235t, 274t Citroma (magnesium citrate), 105t Citrucel (methylcellulose), 105t Clavus, 456 Claw toe, 451 Clock-drawing test, 47–48 Clonal senescence, 11 Clonazepam (Klonopin), 143t, 278t Clopidogrel for acute MI, 348 for atherosclerotic stroke prevention, 460 for occlusive peripheral vascular disease, 359 Clostridium difficile infection, 398 Clotting factor deficiencies, 477–478 Clozapine and delirium, 245t dosing and side effects, 288t for Parkinson's disease and hallucinations, 289 for psychosis in dementia, 236–237, 236t CMS. See Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Coagulation, 477–478. See also Anticoagulation Cochlear implants, 162 Cock-up toe, 451 Cockroft and Gault equation, 74, 103, 403 Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, 218 Coenzyme Q10, 82t, 83 Cognitive assessment, 47–48 in dementia, 223 Mini-Cog Assessment Instrument for Dementia, 48, 223 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 24, 47, 223, 240, 241t rapid screening, 45–46, 45t Cognitive behavioral therapy. See also Behavioral interventions for anxiety disorders, 284t for depression, 272, 272t to improve sleep, 255, 255t Cognitive enhancement, 225 Cognitive enhancers, 228–229 Cognitive impairment. See also Delirium; Dementia AGS guidelines for research using cognitively impaired persons as subjects, 26, 26t in hospitalized patients, 92t, 94–95 interventions for, 92t mild, 223–224, 224t pain assessment and treatment in persons with, 142 pain behavior in persons with, 142, 142t postoperative decline, 106 resources, 512 treatment for urge incontinence in persons with, 191 Cognitive restructuring, 285 Cogwheel phenomenon, 463 Colace (docusate), 105t Colchicine, 177t, 439 Colesevelam, 351t Colitis, pseudomembranous, 398 Colon cancer, 398–399, 486 ethnic and racial differences in incidence, 481, 481t preventive activities for, 69t racial differences in diagnosis and survival, 481, 481t Colon disorders, 394–399 Colonic angiodysplasia, 397–398 Colonic ischemia, 398 Colonic polyps, 398–399 Colonic pseudo-obstruction, acute, 398 Colonoscopy, 66t, 67 Colorectal cancer, 398–399 screening for, 66t, 67–68 Common bile duct stones, 393–394 Communication addressing the health provider, 52 addressing the patient, 51 of bad news, 135 with family and caregivers, 227 patient-clinician, 46 respectful nonverbal communication, 52 strategies to enhance, 46, 46t, 159, 159t Community-acquired pneumonia, 336. See also Pneumonia Community-based care, 125–133 services not requiring change in residence, 129–131 services requiring change of residence, 131–132 Competence decisional, 23 testamentary, 24 Competency Assessment Test, 24 Complement factor H (CFH) gene, 151 Complementary and alternative medicine, 80–86 for cancer, 84–85 for cardiovascular disorders, 82–83 definition of, 80 for diabetes mellitus, 84 diversity of modalities, 80 efficacy of, 81 for musculoskeletal disorders, 81–82 for neurologic and emotional disorders, 83–84 resources, 509–510 safety of, 81, 85 for urogynecologic disorders, 84 Complete androgen ablation, 429 Complete blood count, annual, 71t Comprehensive eye examinations, 149 Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), 49 of rehabilitation patients, 113 Compression fracture, vertebral, 446–447 Conductive hearing loss, 156, 157f Conflicts of interest, 30 Confusion acute confusional state, 239 and rehabilitation, 112, 112t Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), 95, 239–240, 240t Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU), 240 Conjunctivitis, allergic, 153 Connective tissue malignancy, 38t Consent attitudes toward, 54 informed consent for research, 26 Conservatorships, 25 Constipation, 394–395 irritable bowel syndrome with, 396 medications that may relieve, 105t postoperative, 104 in terminal illness, 135 Continuing-care retirement communities (CCRCs), 132 Continuous passive motion machine (CPM), 117 COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Coping strategies, 19–20 Copper availability, 177t Corns, 454, 456 Coronary artery bypass graft surgery after myocardial infarction, 349 preoperative assessment, 100 Coronary artery disease diagnostic testing, 346 epidemiology of, 345 guidelines for diagnosing, 346 management of, 347 preoperative assessment and management of, 100 presentation of, 345–346 recommended preventive services for, 66t risk factors for, 345 Coronary events, 349, 349t Coronary revascularization ACC/AHA guidelines for, 347, 348t after myocardial infarction, 349 Corticosteroids. See also specific agents for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 329 inhaled, 328t ophthalmic, 153 for persistent pain, 143t, 147 Costs of assistive listening devices, 161t of DXA testing, 214 of health care, 32–43 of hearing aids, 161–162, 161t Cough chronic, 327 in terminal illness, 139 Counseling, 62 dietary, 68 preventive, recommendations for, 66t, 68 COX-2 inhibitors, 145 medications to avoid in older adults, 147 for osteoarthritis, 437 for rheumatoid arthritis, 441 CPM. See Continuous passive motion machine CPP32, 14 Creatinine clearance, 74, 402, 403 Cromolyn, 328t Cross-cultural health care, 51–56 Crutches, 118 Cruzan v. Director, Department of Health of Missouri, 27 Cultural aspects of health care, 51–56 Cultural competence, 55 Cultural identity, 51 Culture-specific health risks, 54 Current Procedural Terminology coding system, 31 Cushing's disease, 212t Custodial care, 34t Cutaneous horn, 317 Cyclosporine, 441 Cymbalta (duloxetine), 276t Cyproheptadine, 179 Cystic erosion, 452t Cysts, popliteal (Baker), 435–436 Cytochrome P450 2D6, 77 Cytochrome P450 3A4, 77 Cytokines, 12–13, 13t Cytoskeletal changes, 12–13, 13t D Dalteparin (Fragmin), 492t Danaparoid (Orgaran), 492t Darifenacin, 190t, 191 Darvon (propoxyphene), 147 Day care, adult, 129 Day hospitals, 129–130 DDIs. See Drug-drug interactions Death. See also End-of-life care ability to predict time of, 28 interventions that may hasten, 27–28 leading causes and numbers of, 5, 6t Debridement of pressure ulcers, 264, 264t Decision making about institutionalization, 129 approaches to, 54 end-of-life, 26–28, 54–55 hierarchy of, 24, 25t for patients who lack decisional capacity, 24–25 role of incapacitated patient in, 25–26 treatment decisions, 29–30 Decisional capacity, 23–26, 24t assessment of, 23–24 standardized tests of, 24 temporary loss of, 26 Decubitus ulcers. See Pressure ulcers Deep-vein thrombosis, 360 anticoagulants for, 492t–493t and rehabilitation, 112t Deep venous insufficiency, chronic, 360 Defecography, 394 Defense, Department of, guidelines for rehabilitation after stroke, 114 Degenerative disc disease, lumbar, 446 Degenerative nervous system disorders, 38t Dehydration, hypertonic, 401 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 81, 377–378 safety issues, 82t Delirium, 239–248 agitated, 246, 246t diagnosis of, 239–241, 240t drugs to reduce or eliminate in management of, 243–244, 245t evaluation of, 243 in hospitalized patients, 95 incidence of, 239 and incontinence, 185, 186t management of, 243–247, 244t neuropathophysiology of, 241–242 pharmacologic therapy of, 246, 246t postoperative, 106, 242–243 preoperative assessment and management of, 103 prevention of, 247 prognosis for, 239 psychotic symptoms in, 288 risk factors for, 242, 242t spectrum of, 241 in terminal illness, 137 Deltasone (prednisone), 143t Delusions, 285–286 antipsychotic agents for, 236–237, 236t in dementia, 236–237, 236t, 288 evaluation of, 286, 286f in mood disorder, 288 Dementia, 221–230 activity recommendations for, 58t aggression or agitation in, 237–238 alcohol-related, 301 of Alzheimer's disease, 83, 224, 224t, 233 anxiety and agitation in, 283, 284t assessment methods for, 222–223 behavioral disturbances with manic features in, 234–235, 235t behavioral interventions for, 233–234, 233t behavioral problems in, 231–238, 235t CAM treatment for, 83 definition of, 221, 223 diagnostic features of, 224t differential diagnosis of, 223–225 epidemiology of, 221–222 ethical issues in, 28–29 frontotemporal, 224–225, 224t general progression of, 226t hypersexuality in, 237 and incontinence, 185, 186t Lewy body, 224, 224t management of, 225–229 manic-like behavioral syndromes in, 234–235 with mental retardation, 305, 306 Mini-Cog Assessment Instrument for Dementia, 48 mood disturbances in, 234 prevention of, 222 psychosis in, 236–237 psychotic symptoms in, 288–289 resources for, 229 reversible (delirium), 239 risk factors for, 222, 222t screening for, 69t, 70 sleep disturbances in, 237, 253 societal impact of, 221–222 treatment of, 225–229 vascular, 224, 224t, 233 Dementia caregiver counseling, 272, 272t Demerol (meperidine), 147 Demography of aging, 1–8 Dental anatomy, 320f Dental care counseling, 66t, 68 Dental caries, 320–321, 320f Dentures, 322 Depakote (divalproex sodium), 278t Depakote ER (divalproex sodium), 278t Dependence alcohol and drug, 251, 298 opioid, 146 Dependent personality disorder features of, 291, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Depression, 269–307 activity recommendations for, 58t assessment of, 48 associated with structural brain disease, 271 CAM treatment for, 83 clinical presentation of, 269–270 course of, 271–272 diagnosis of, 269–271 drugs to treat, 234–235, 235t DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for, 269–270, 270t electroconvulsive therapy for, 277 epidemiology of, 269 Geriatric Depression Scale (short form), 496 in hospitalized patients, 92t, 94 interventions for, 92t late-life, geriatric syndrome of, 269–270, 272, 272t major, 269–270, 270t management of partial response and nonresponse, 276 minor, 269 mixed anxiety and depression, 283, 284t psychotherapy for, 272, 272t psychotic, 277 recommended preventive services for, 66t and rehabilitation, 112t screening for, 45–46, 45t, 66–67, 66t in terminal illness, 137–138 treatment of, 272–277, 284t “vascular,” 271 Depressive personality disorder features of, 291, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Depth shoe, 457 Dermatitis neurodermatitis, 311 seborrheic, 310 stasis dermatitis, 311 Dermatologic diseases and disorders, 309–319 resources, 514 skin and nails disorders, 453–456 skin breakdown, 111, 112t skin cancer, 69–70, 69t, 317–319 skin infections, 334, 335t Dermatomyositis, 443–444 Desipramine (Norpramin), 274, 275t for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 235t for persistent pain management, 143t Desyrel (trazodone), 276t DETERMINE Your Nutritional Health Checklist, 177, 501 Detoxification, 302 Detrusor underactivity, 187, 193 Developmental-genetic theory of aging, 9t, 10 DHEA. See Dehydroepiandrosterone Diaeta (glyburide), 387t Diabetes mellitus, 38t, 382–389 activity recommendations for, 58t atherosclerotic complications of, 385–386 CAM treatment for, 84 cardiovascular risk factors in, 385, 385t complications of, 69t deaths due to, 5, 6t diagnostic criteria for, 383 education for, 386–388 evaluation of, 383–384 and the foot, 456 and incontinence, 185, 186t key elements of care for, 385, 385t management of, 383–386 microvascular complications of, 386 nephropathy in, 404 non-insulin agents for, 386, 387t–388t pathophysiology of, 382–383 postoperative management of, 105–106 prevalence of, 4, 4f recommended preventive services for, 66t resources, 510 retinopathy in, 151–152, 151f screening for, 69t, 70 self-management support for, 386–388 type 1, 382 type 2, 58t, 66t, 70, 84, 105–106, 382–383 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for delirium, 239–240, 240t Diagnostic imaging annual chest radiography, 71t health insurance coverage for, 34t of neck pain, 450 Dialectical-behavioral therapy for depression, 272, 272t Dialysis, renal, 408–409 Diarrhea infectious, 342 irritable bowel syndrome with, 396 postoperative, 104 in terminal illness, 137 Diazepam, 245t Diet and breast cancer, 84 counseling for, 66t, 68 for depression, 83 for hypertension, 82 pre-ESRD care, 408 recommendations for, 68 Dietary supplements, 178–179 for pressure ulcers, 266 safety of, 82t, 85 Digestive problems. See also Gastrointestinal diseases and disorders resources, 510 Digit flexus, 452t Digit quinti varus, 452t Digital rectal examination for prostate cancer, 426 Digitalis, 77t Digoxin for atrial fibrillation, 357 drug interactions, 77t for heart failure, 353–354 nutrient interactions, 177t Dilaudid (hydromorphone), 144t Diltiazem, 354 Diphenhydramine, 245t Direct thrombin inhibitors, 493t Disability excess, with substance abuse, 300–301 International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) (WHO), 108, 109f trends in, 6–7 Disalcid (salsalate), 143t Disc disease, degenerative lumbar, 446 Discharge planning, 37, 38t Disclosure, attitudes toward, 54 Discontinuing interventions, 27 Disease-related genes, 12–13, 13t Disequilibrium, 163, 164 Dissections, peripheral arterial, 358–359 Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 476, 478 Diuretics. See also specific agents drug interactions, 77t for heart failure, 353 for hypertension, 364 nutrient interactions, 177t Divalproex sodium (Depakote, Depakote ER) for behavioral disturbances in dementia with manic features, 234–235, 235t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 277, 278t Diverticular disease, 395–396 Dix-Hallpike test, 165 Dizziness, 163–168 classification of, 163–164 diagnostic testing, 165–166 evaluation of, 164–166 management of, 166–167 nonvertiginous, 164 physical examination of, 165 prognosis for, 164 psychogenic, 163 types of, 166–167 DNA in aging, 11–13 Docusate (Colace), 105t Donepezil, 228 Dopamine agonists and delirium, 245t for Parkinson's disease, 464 Double effect, rule of, 27 Down syndrome in older adults, 305, 306, 306t, 307 Doxepin, 245t Dressings for pressure ulcers, 264, 265t Drinking. See Alcohol Driving, 30 assessment of older drivers, 49 motor vehicle accident death rates, 5 recommended preventive services for, 66t Dry-eye syndrome, 153 Dronabinol, 179 Drug abuse, 298–304 chronic hypnotic use, 257–258 magnitude of the problem, 299 pharmacotherapy for, 303 treatment of, 302–303 Drug dependence, 146, 251, 298 Drug-disease interactions, 77 Drug-drug interactions, 76–77, 77t definition of, 76 in long-term-care, 77t Drug-induced movement disorders, 466 Drug-nutrient interactions, 176, 177t Drugs. See also Pharmacotherapy; specific drugs absorption of, 72–73 adverse drug events, 76, 76t, 393, 393t associated with incontinence, 185t to avoid in older persons, 147 as causes of falls, 498 clearance of, 73, 74 distribution of, 73 elimination of, 73–74 half-life of, 73–74 hydrophilic, 73 inhaled, 327, 328t investigational, 218–219 lipophilic, 73 metabolism of, 73 nonadherence to, 79 taken with metered-dose inhalers, 327, 328t that interfere with gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell), 324, 324t trends in use, 7 Dry eye, 153, 442–443 Dry mouth, 322–323, 442–443 Dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry, 213–214 Dulcolax (bisacodyl), 105t Duloxetine (Cymbalta), 275, 276t for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 235t for stress and mixed urge and stress incontinence, 191t Durable medical equipment, 34t Duragesic (transdermal fentanyl), 144t DXA. See Dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry Dyslipidemia, 349–350 Activity recommendations for, 58t CAM treatment for, 82–83 drug regimens for, 351t LDL goals, 345, 385–386 screening for, 66t, 67 treatment indications for, 350t Dyspareunia, 416, 417 Dyspepsia, 392–393 Dysphagia, 181–182 esophageal, 182, 390–391 oropharyngeal, 182 Dyspnea, 327 in terminal illness, 138–139 E Eating changes in age, 181 Eating problems, 181–184 Echinacea, 82t Echocardiography, 172, 346 stress, 346 transesophageal, 339–340, 357 transthoracic, 339 Eczema craquelé, 311, 311f Edentulism, 66t, 321–322 Education for diabetes mellitus, 386–388 for female sexual dysfunction, 418 for prevention of falls, 498 resources, 508 Effexor (venlafaxine), 276t Effexor XR (venlafaxine), 276t Elder abuse key indicators of, 88t resources, 508–509 Elder mistreatment, 86–91 assessment of, 48 definition of, 86 financial, 89 history, 87 in hospitalized patients, 92t, 96 institutional, 89 interventions for, 89–90, 92t key indicators of, 88t physical, 87–88 prevention of, 86–87 psychologic, 88–89 questions to guide intervention, 89–90 reporting, 90 resources, 508–509 risk factors for, 86–87, 87t screening for, 96 Electrical stimulation, 191t Electrocardiography ambulatory monitoring, 171 annual, 71t in dizziness, 166 implantable loop recorders, 171–172 Electroconvulsive therapy for depression and mania, 279 for psychotic depression, 277 Electrolyte balance, 376 Electrolyte disturbances, 400–401 postoperative management of, 104 Electronystagmography, 165–166 Electrophysiologic studies, 172 Embolism, pulmonary, 329–330 anticoagulants for prophylaxis and treatment of, 492t–493t indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t and rehabilitation, 112t Emergency care, 34t Encephalopathy. See Delirium End-of-life care, 54–55, 134, 330–331 resources, 508 End-of-life decisions, 26–28, 54–55 End-stage renal disease, 408 Endocarditis, infective, 339–340, 354 prophylaxis, 355, 340 Endocrine disorders, 368–381 postoperative management of, 105–106 Endometrial cancer hormonal therapy for, 484t racial differences in diagnosis and survival, 481, 481t Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 394 Endoscopy, esophageal, 392 Energy requirements, 174, 174t Enoxaparin (Lovenox), 492t Ensure HP, 183t Ensure Plus HN, 183t Entrapment syndrome, 452t Environmental modifications for dementia, 227 for prevention of falls, 498 for rehabilitation, 117, 118–119 Epilepsy, 467, 468t Epinephrine, 152, 152t Epitol (carbamazepine), 278t Epley's maneuver, 163, 164f Equinovarus, 196t Erectile dysfunction, 418–419 causes of, 418, 419t evaluation of, 419–420 treatment of, 420–422, 421t Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 431 Erythroplakia, 323–324, 323f Erythropoietin treatment for anemia, 473–475 pre-ESRD care, 408 Escitalopram (Lexapro), 235t, 274t Eskalith (lithium carbonate), 278t Eskalith CR (lithium carbonate), 278t Esophageal cancer, 392 Esophageal dysphagia, 182, 390–391 Esophagus, 390–392 drug-induced injury to, 392 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 391–392 Essential thrombocythemia, 478–479 Essential tremor, 466–467 Estrogen deficiency, 211 Estrogen replacement therapy, 379–380. See also Hormone replacement therapy for female sexual dysfunction, 416–417 for menopausal symptoms, 411 for osteoporosis, 216t, 217–218 for stress and mixed urge and stress incontinence, 191t for urogenital atrophy, 411 for urogenital symptoms, 411 Eszopiclone, 256, 257t Etanercept, 441–442, 442 Ethical issues, 22–31 in dementia, 28–29 in health care financing, 30 in home care, 129 in malnutrition, 179–180 in nursing homes, 29–30 Ethnicity. See also Cross-cultural health care in social assessment, 48 in cancer, 481, 481t Etidronate, 216, 216t European Society of Cardiology recommendations for physical activity, 58t Executive function assessment, 47–48 Executive Interview 25-item examination (EXIT 25), 24 Exercise. See also Physical activity balance training, 61–62 for depression, 83 for musculoskeletal disease, 431 for osteoporosis prevention and treatment, 214 pelvic muscle, 190t, 191t, 192–193, 500 for prevention of falls, 498 to reduce risk of osteoporosis, 212t Exercise stress testing, 346 Exploitation, 88t External beam radiation therapy, 428, 428t Extracellular matrix changes, 12–13, 13t Eye examinations, comprehensive, 149 Eyedrops, 152, 152t Eyelid abnormalities, 153 Ezetimibe, 351t F Faces Pain Scale, 141 Facial nerve palsy, 342 Factor Xa inhibitor, 492t Falls, 61–62, 201–209 activity recommendations for, 58t assessment of, 204t, 205f causes of, 202–203 clinical guidelines for preventing, 207 diagnostic approach to, 203–206 history and physical examination, 203–206 in hospitalized patients, 92t, 93–94 interventions for, 92t, 206–207, 208t laboratory and diagnostic tests, 206 management of, 204t, 205f, 206–207 prevalence and morbidity of, 202 prevention of, 66t, 206–207, 497–498 risk factors, 208t Fatty acid metabolism, 12–13, 13t Fecal incontinence, 395 Fecal occult blood testing, 66t, 68 Federal financing of health care, 40–42 Fee for service (FFS) home-health care, 39 hospice care, 40 inpatient care, 37 Medicare, 31, 33, 34t, 35t, 36, 37t, 42 nursing-home care, 40 postacute rehabilitation, 38–39 private plans, 41 structures, 30–31 Feeding problems, 181–184 Feeding tubes, 182, 183 Female androgen deficiency syndrome, 416 Female sexual dysfunction, 416–418, 417t Femur procedures, 38t Fenofibrate, 351t Festination, 196t Fever antibiotic therapy for, 334, 335t in frail, older residents of long-term-care facilities, 334, 334t of unknown origin, 342–343, 342t, 343t FFS. See Fee for service FiberCon (polycarbophil), 105t Fibrillation, atrial, 356–357 in hospitalized patients, 92t indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t interventions for, 92t recommendations for management of, 356–357 Fibroblast gene expression, 12–13, 13t Fibromyalgia, 432–433 diagnostic criteria for, 432–433, 433f tender point sites, 432, 433f FIM. See Functional Independence Measure Financial mistreatment, 89 Financing federal, 40–42 health care, 30, 32–43 house calls, 127–128 managed care, 35–36 nursing-home care, 120–121 Fitness in older adults, 61 “Five “As approach to smoking cessation, 328 Flat feet, 452t Fleet (biphosphate emollient enema), 105t Flexibility training, 59 Flexible sigmoidoscopy, 66t, 67–68 Fluid disturbances, 400–401 Fluid management, 96 Fluid needs, 175 Flunisolide, 328t Fluoride for osteoporosis treatment, 218 RDAs for persons aged 71 and older, 175t Fluoxetine (Prozac), 235t, 273–274, 274t Flurazepam, 245t Fluticasone, 328t Fluticasone propionate, 328t Fluvastatin, 351t Fluvoxamine, 274 Folate deficiency, 475, 476–477 drug interactions, 177t RDAs for persons aged 71 and older, 175t Folic acid, 179 Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 24, 47, 223, 240, 241t Fondaparinux (Arixtra), 492t Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine macronutrient guidelines, 174–175 Food guide pyramid, 174 Foods, calcium-containing, 215t Foot care, 457 Foot disorders, 451–458, 452t disorders of the skin and nails, 453–456 orthopedic, 451–453 systemic diseases and, 456–457 Foot drop, 196t Foot slap, 196t Forefoot disorders, orthopedic, 451–453 Foreign-born population, older, 3 Forgoing and discontinuing interventions, 27 Formoterol, 328t Foster care, adult, 132 Fractures, 61–62 of hip, 38t, 115–116 osteoporotic sacral fractures, 447 osteoporotic vertebral, 446–447 pathologic, 38t of pelvis, 38t prediction of, 212–214 rehabilitation for, 115–116 risk factors for, 212 surgical care of, 115 vertebral compression, 446–447 Fragile X syndrome, 306, 306t Fragmin (dalteparin), 492t Frail, older residents of long-term care facilities, 334, 334t Frontal lobe damage, 306, 306t Frontotemporal dementia behavioral problems in, 233 diagnostic features of, 224t differential diagnosis of, 224–225 Frozen shoulder syndrome, 434 Functional adrenocortical adenoma, 377, 377t Functional Independence Measure (FIM), 109, 113 Functional reach test, 204–206 Functional status assessment of, 46–47 epidemiologic trends in, 4–5 impairments in hospitalized patients, 92t, 93 limitations of Medicare beneficiaries, 4–5, 6f performance-based assessment of, 199 rapid screening followed by assessment and management of, 45–46, 45t FUO. See Fever, of unknown origin Futility, 331 G Gabapentin (Neurontin) for epilepsy, 468t for persistent pain, 143t, 147 Gait apraxia, 197 Gait impairment, 195–201 abnormalities, 196t, 198t assessment of, 197–199 conditions that contribute to, 196–197 epidemiology of, 195–196 history and physical examination, 197–199 interventions to reduce, 199–201 Gait speed, 47 Galantamine, 228 Gallstones, 393–394 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 391–392 Gastrointestinal bleeding, occult, 397 Gastrointestinal diseases and disorders, 390–400 angiodysplasia, colonic, 397–398 biliary disease, 393–394 bleeding, 112t, 393, 393t, 397 Clostridium difficile infection, 398 colon cancer, 398–399, 481, 481t, 486 colonic, 394–399 constipation, 104, 105t, 135, 394–395, 396 diverticular disease, 395–396 dyspepsia, 392–393 dysphagia, 390–391 esophageal, 390–392 fecal incontinence, 395 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 391–392 irritable bowel syndrome, 396–397 infections, 342 NSAID-induced, 393, 393t peptic ulcer disease, 393 postoperative management of, 104 pseudo-obstruction, acute colonic, 398 polyps, colonic, 398–399 and urinary incontinence, 185, 186t Gastrostomy, percutaneous endoscopic, 183 Gaze-evoked nystagmus, 165 GEM units. See Geriatric evaluation and management units Gemfibrozil, 351t Gender issues, cross-cultural, 54 Gene expression, 12–13, 13t Generalized anxiety disorder, 283, 284t Genetic testing, 29 Genitourinary imaging, 403–404 Genu recurvatum, 196t GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease Geriatric Depression Scale (short form), 496 Geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) units, 97 Geriatric syndrome of late-life depression, 269–270. See also Depression psychotherapy for, 272, 272t Get Up and Go test, 45t, 46–47, 199, 206 Giant cell (temporal) arteritis, 439–440 diagnostic criteria for, 439 headache due to, 461 Ginkgo biloba, 82t, 83, 228–229 Glaucoma, 152, 152t Gleason grading system, 426 Glipizide (Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL), 387t Glipizide and metformin (METAGLIP), 388t Glomerular filtration rate, 103 Glomerulonephritis, 406 Glucocorticoid hypersecretion, subclinical, 377 Glucophage (metformin), 387t Glucophage XR (metformin), 387t Glucosamine for osteoarthritis, 437 safety issues, 82t Glucose screening, 66t -Glucosidase inhibitors, 386, 387t Glucotrol (glipizide), 387t Glucotrol XL (glipizide), 387t Glucovance (glyburide and metformin), 388t Glutathione, 83 Glyburide (Diaeta, Micronase) for diabetes mellitus, 387t micronized (Glynase), 386, 387t Glyburide and metformin (Glucovance), 388t Glyset (miglitol), 387t Gout pseudogout, 438–439 rheumatoid, 437–438 Grand mal seizures, 467 Graves' disease, 371, 372f Grief. See Bereavement Group homes, 132 Group therapy, 225 Growth factors, 12–13, 13t Growth hormone, 380 Growth regulatory genes, 12–13, 13t Gustatory dysfunction drugs that cause, 324, 324t nonpharmacologic causes of, 324, 325t Gynecologic diseases and disorders, 410–415 H H2-blocking agents, 244, 245t HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), 341 Habit training for urge incontinence, 190t, 191t Haglund's deformity, 452t Hallucinations, 285–286 antipsychotic agents for, 236–237, 236t in delirium, 288 in dementia, 236–237, 236t evaluation of person with, 286, 286f isolated, 289–290 Hallucinosis, organic, 289–290 Hallux abducto valgus, 452t, 453f Hallux limitus and rigidus, 452t Hallux valgus, 452t Haloperidol for agitated delirium, 246, 246t dosing and side effects, 288t Hammertoe, 451–453, 453f Harris-Benedict equations, 174, 174t Harris Hip Questionnaire, 113, 115 Head and neck problems. See also Back pain; Headaches head and neck cancer, 481, 481t resources, 510 Head-shaking, 165 Headaches, 38t, 461–462 Healing of pressure ulcers, 266 Health beliefs, cross-cultural, 53 Health care for aging population, 81 costs of, 32–43 cross-cultural attitudes toward services, 53–54 federal financing of, 40–42 financing of, 30, 32–43, 33f, 40–42 trends in, 4–5, 5f, 7 Health care agent or proxy, 25 Health Care Financing Administration, 31 Health care insurance coverage for health care, 32–43, 34t coverage for long-term-care, 39 for hearing, 34t Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) Medicare, 32, 34t, 35, 35t, 36, 36t, 40 Social Health Maintenance Organizations (SHMOs), 130 Health Plan of Nevada, 130 Healthcare Employer's Data Information System (HEDIS), 41 Healthy behaviors, 21 Hearing age-related changes in, 155–156 assessment of, 47 health insurance coverage for, 34t normal, 155–156 rapid screening followed by assessment and management of, 45–46, 45t Hearing aids, 160–162 costs of, 161–162, 161t styles of, 160t, 161 Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly—Screening Version, 158 Hearing impairment, 155–162 diagnosis of, 156–158 effects of, 160, 160t epidemiology of, 156, 157f recommended preventive services for, 66t rehabilitation of, 160, 160t resources, 510–511 screening for, 65–66, 66t strategies to improve communication with persons with, 159, 159t treatment of, 158–162 Heart disease. See also Cardiovascular disease deaths due to, 5, 6t ischemic, 345–349 prevalence of, 4, 4f resources, 511 valvular, 354–356 Heart failure, 38t, 350–354 activity recommendations for, 58t epidemiology and etiology of, 350 and incontinence, 185, 186t management of, 352–354 presentation of, 350–352 self-management of, 354 Heat shock factor (HSF1), 13–14, 15 Heat shock proteins, 13, 13t, 14 HEDIS. See Healthcare Employer's Data Information System Heel pain, 452t, 453 Heel pressure ulcers, 261, 261t Height measurement, 66t Helicobacter pylori infection, 392–393 HELP. See Hospital Elder Life Program Hematologic diseases and disorders, 471–479 malignancies, 71t, 487–488 Hematoma, subdural, 461 Hematuria, 402 Hemolytic anemia, 472t, 473, 476 Hemorrhage, intracerebral, 460 Hep-Lock (unfractionated heparin), 492t Heparin, 492t Heparinoids, 492t Herpes zoster, 314–315, 314f, 342 Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 153–154 HHRGs. See Home Health Related Groups HIAP (human inhibitor of apoptosis protein), 15 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 341 Hip and femur procedures, 38t Hip fracture, 38t epidemiology of, 115 prevalence of, 210 prevention of recurrence, 116 rehabilitation of, 115–116 surgical care of, 115 Hip protectors, 207 Hip surgery indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t procedures, 38t total hip and knee arthroplasty, 116–117 Hispanic Americans CAM use by, 81 cancer incidence in, 481, 481t leading causes of death for, 5, 6t nursing-home population, 120 perceived health of Medicare beneficiaries, 4, 5t poverty rates of, 2 Histrionic personality disorder features of, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t HIV infection, 341 HMG-CoA, 351t Hodgkin's disease, 481, 487 Home care, 125–129 caregiver support, 128 codes, reimbursement, and requirements in certification, 126, 126t ethics and decisions about institutionalization, 129 fee for service, 39 financing, 39–40 health insurance coverage for, 34t liability and legal issues, 129 limitations of, 128–129 managed care, 39 patient assessment in, 126–127 physician's role in, 126 Home environment assessment, 48 Home Health Related Groups (HHRGs), 125 Home hospital, 97, 131 Home safety assessment, 48 Homocysteine, 476–477 Hormonal regulation, 376 Hormone replacement therapy, 71t adjuvant, 486 for cancer, 483–484, 484t estrogen replacement therapy, 379–380 for female sexual dysfunction, 416–417 for menopausal symptoms, 411 for osteoporosis, 216t, 217–218 for stress and mixed urge and stress incontinence, 191t for urogenital atrophy or symptoms, 411 Hospice, 134–135. See also End-of-life care FFS, 40 health insurance coverage for, 34t services, 134, 134t Hospital-acquired pneumonia, 336–337 Hospital care, 91–99. See also Hospitalized patients; Perioperative care alternatives to, 97–98 day hospitals, 129–130 geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) units, 97 health insurance coverage for, 34t home hospital, 131 primary diagnoses for which "early" discharges are regarded as "transfers" to postacute care, 37, 38t transitions from, 97–98 Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP), 97, 247 Hospitalized patients assessment of, 92–97, 93t hazards and opportunities to address, 92–93, 92t management of, 92–97 sleep disturbances in, 253–254 systems of care for, 97 Hot flushes, 411 House calls, 126 billing codes and reimbursement for, 127–128, 128t equipment for, 127, 128t financial considerations, 127–128 office-based programs, 127–128 supplies for, 128t HSF. See Heat shock factor Humalog (insulin lispro), 389t Human growth hormone, 179 Human immunodeficiency virus infection, 339 Humulin (insulin), 389t Hyaluronic acid, 437 Hydrocephalus, normal-pressure effect on incontinence, 185, 186t interventions for, 200 Hydrochlorothiazide, 364 Hydrocodone (Lorcet, Lortab, Vicodin, Vicoprofen), 144t Hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Hydrostat), 144t Hydrostat (hydromorphone), 144t Hydroxychloroquine, 442 Hydroxyzine, 284 Hyperadrenocorticoidism, 377 Hypercalcemia, 373–375 differential diagnosis of, 373, 375t and incontinence, 185, 186t Hyperglycemia, 386 Hypericum perforatum, 276t Hyperkalemia, 401 Hyperkeratosis, 454 Hypernatremia, 400–401 Hyperparathyroidism primary, 212t secondary, 211 Hypersexuality in dementia, 237 Hypertension, 361–368 activity recommendations for, 58t classification of, 361–362, 362t clinical evaluation of, 362 emergencies and urgencies, 366 epidemiology and physiology of, 361–362 follow-up visits, 365–366, 366t J-curve hypothesis, 365 in long-term-care setting, 366–367 nonpharmacologic therapy for, 363, 363t pharmacologic treatment of, 363–365 prehypertension, 361–361, 362t prevalence of, 4, 4f recommended preventive services for, 66t recommended treatment for, 363–364, 364t screening for, 65 special considerations for, 366–367 stage 1, 363–364, 363t, 364t treatment of, 362–366 white-coat, 362 Hyperthyroidism, 371–373 iodine-induced, 371, 372f recommended laboratory tests for, 212t screening for, 69t subclinical, 371 Hypnotics chronic use of, 257–258 and delirium, 245t Hypoadrenocorticoidism, 376–377 Hypoalbuminemia, 176, 333 Hypoaldosteronism, hyporeninemic, 376 Hypogonadism, 212t, 378 Hypokalemia, 401 Hyponatremia, 376, 400–401 Hypoproliferative anemia, 472t, 473–475 Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, age-related, 376 Hypotension orthostatic, 163, 173 postprandial, 173 Hypothyroidism, 369–371 screening for, 69t secondary, 369–370 subclinical, 369, 370f I IADLs. See Instrumental activities of daily living Ibandronate, 216t IBS. See Irritable bowel syndrome ICE, 14 ICH-1, 14 Id 1, 2, & 4, 13t Identity, cultural, 51 Idiopathic myelofibrosis, 478 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 329 Idiopathic venous thromboembolism, 491t Imaging abdominal ultrasonography, 66t, 67 of back pain, 448–449 diagnostic, 34t, 71t, 450 of gait impairment, 199 of genitourinary system, 403–404 magnetic resonance imaging, 166, 223 of neck pain, 450 neuroimaging, 166 Imipramine, 245t Immigration status and history, 53 Immobility in hospitalized patients, 92t, 93–94 interventions for, 92t recommended preventive services for, 66t Immune function changes, 332, 333t Immune senescence, 332 Immunizations, 66t, 68–69 Immunologic theory of aging, 9t, 10 Implantable cardioverter defibrillators, automatic ACC/AHA indications for, 356t for ventricular arrhythmias, 356 Implantable loop recorders, 171–172 Implants, cochlear, 162 Impulse-control disorders, 306 Incompetence, 23 Incontinence fecal, 395 urinary, 111, 184–195 Independent practice association (IPA) model, 36, 36t Ineffective erythropoiesis, 472t, 473, 475–476 Infections antibiotic management of, 334, 335t bone and joint, 341 diagnosis and management of, 333–334 gastrointestinal, 342 HIV infection and AIDS, 341 predisposition to, 332–333 presentation of, 333–334 in pressure ulcers, 266–267 prosthetic device, 340 vulvovaginal, 412 Infectious diarrhea, 342 Infectious diseases, 332–344. See also specific diseases antibiotic management of, 334, 335t diagnosis and management of, 333–334 predisposition to, 332–333 presentation of, 333–334 syndromes, 335–342 Infectious Diseases Society of America treatment guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia, 336 Infectious syndromes, 335–342 Infective endocarditis, 339–340 Inflammation, vulvovaginal, 412 Inflammatory disorders, 439–444 Infliximab, 442 Influenza, 337 deaths due to, 5, 6t in hospitalized patients, 92t, 96–97 interventions for, 92t recommended preventive services for, 66t vaccination against, 66t, 68–69 Informed consent for research, 26 INH, 339 Inhaled medications, 327, 328t Injectable agents for diabetes mellitus, 386, 388t Injury counseling for prevention of, 66t, 68 deaths due to, 5, 6t recommended preventive services for, 66t Innohep (tinzaparin), 492t Inpatient care, 36–37 Insomnia behavioral management of, 237, 237t CAM treatment for, 83–84 epidemiology of, 249 medications for, 256–257, 257t Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement recommendations for physical activity, 58t Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board macronutrient guidelines, 174–175 Institutional elder mistreatment, 89 Institutionalization decisions, 129 Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), 4–5, 6f Insulin aspart (NovoLog), 389t Insulin Glargine (Lantus), 389t Insulin-like growth factor 1, 13t, 15 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, 3, & 5, 13t Insulin lispro (Humalog), 389t Insulin preparations, 389t Insulin receptor substrate, 15 Insulin signaling, 9t, 10, 15 Insurance coverage for health care, 32–43, 34t for long-term-care, 39 Intensive care, 330–331 -Interferon, 484 Interleukin-2, 484 Internal carotid artery disease, 459–460 International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) (WHO), 108, 109f International Continence Society classification of pelvic organ prolapse, 413 Interpersonal therapy for depression, 272, 272t Interstitial nephritis, acute, 406 Intertrigo, 312, 312f Intracellular volume, 96 Intracerebral hemorrhage, 460 Intravascular stenting, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with, 360 Investigational agents, 218–219 Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, 371, 372f IPA model. See Independent practice association model Ipratropium, 328t Iron therapy for anemia, 473–475 drug interactions, 177t Irritable bowel syndrome, 396–397 Ischemic heart disease, 345–349 diagnostic testing, 346 epidemiology of, 345 management of, 347 presentation of, 345–346 risk factors for, 345 Ischemic optic neuropathy, anterior, 152–153, 153f Ischemic stroke, 460–461. See also Stroke Isoniazid, 177t Isosorbide dinitrate plus hydralazine, 354 J J-curve hypothesis in blood-pressure reduction, 365 Jaeger card, 47 Jejunostomy, 182 Jevity Plus, 183t Johns Hopkins Evidence-based Practice Center recommendations for management of AF, 356–357 Joint and limb reattachment procedures, 38t Joint disease, 436–439 resources, 511 Joint infections, 341 K Kabikinase (streptokinase), 493t Kadian (morphine, sustained release), 144t Kegel's exercises, 500 Kidney biopsy, 403–404 Kidney disease, 400–410 associated with NSAID use, 407 chronic, 401, 403 clinical presentations of, 401–403 postoperative management of disorders, 104 prevalence of, 4, 4f Kidney failure, chronic, 407–409 Kidney function age-associated changes in, 74 preoperative assessment and management of, 103 Kidney infections, 38t Kidney transplantation, 408–409 Klonopin (clonazepam), 143t, 278t Knee surgery indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t total hip and knee arthroplasty, 116–117 L Laboratory testing, 176 in back pain, 448–449 in falls, 206 in gait impairment, 199 health insurance coverage for, 34t in musculoskeletal disease, 431 services not indicated in older adults, 71t for urinary incontinence, 189 Labyrinthitis, 163 Lactulose (Cephulac), 105t Lacunar disease, 460 Lamotrigine, 279, 468t Lantus (insulin Glargine), 389t Laser therapy for choroidal neovascularization, 150 Late-life depression, geriatric syndrome of, 269–270 psychotherapy for, 272, 272t Laxatives, 105t, 177t Leflunomide, 441 Left ventricular dysfunction, 350 Left ventricular failure, 351 Legal issues, 22–31 decisional capacity, 23–26 in elder mistreatment, 90 in home care, 129 informed consent for research, 26 in malnutrition, 179–180 resources, 508–509 Lente (insulin, zinc), 389t Lentigo maligna, 318 Lepirudin (Refludan), 493t Leukemia, 481, 487 Leukoaraiosis, 199 Leukoplakia, 323–324, 323f Leuprolide acetate, 237 Levetiracetam, 468t Levodopa, 177t, 464 Levodopa-carbidopa, 245t, 464 Lewy body dementia behavioral problems in, 233 diagnostic features of, 224t differential diagnosis of, 224 Lexapro (escitalopram), 274t Liability, 129 Libido, decreased, 415, 417–418 Lice, 316 Lichen sclerosus, 412, 412f Lichen simplex chronicus, 311 Lid abnormalities, 153 Life expectancy, 1, 2t Life-style modification for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 424t for hypertension, 363 smoking cessation, 66t, 68, 212t, 328 Lightheadedness, 164. See also Dizziness Limb movements periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), 252 periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS), 252 Limb reattachment procedures, 38t Lioresal (baclofen), 143t Lip cancer, 323 Lipid-binding resins, 177t Lipids, serum, 66t, 345, 385–386 Liquid Pred (prednisone), 143t Literacy, cross-cultural, 52 Lithium carbonate (Eskalith, Eskalith CR) for behavioral disturbances in dementia with manic features, 235, 235t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 277, 278t Living arrangements, 2–3, 3t Living wills, 25 Long-term care. See also Assisted living facilities; Nursing-home care drug-drug interactions in, 77t fever in frail, older residents in, 334, 334t hypertension in, 366–367 insurance for, 39 interface with acute care, 122 minimum criteria for initiation of antibiotic therapy in, 334, 335t prevention of falls in, 497 Loop diuretics, 185t Lorazepam, 246, 246t, 284 Lorcet (hydrocodone), 144t Lortab (hydrocodone), 144t Loss and grief. See Bereavement Louse infestations, 316 Lovastatin, 351t Lovenox (enoxaparin), 492t Low-density lipoprotein goals, 345, 385–386 Low T4 syndrome, 369 Low-vision rehabilitation, 154 Lower back pain. See Back pain Lower cervical nerve impingement, 434 Lower extremity bypass surgery, 360 Lower extremity joint and limb reattachment procedures, 38t Lower urinary tract symptoms, 423 Lumbar spinal stenosis, 446 Lumbar spine, unstable, 446 Lumpectomy, 485–486 Lung cancer, 486 CAM use for, 85 ethnic and racial differences in, 481, 481t screening for, 71t Lung disease, 327–330 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 4, 4f, 38t, 66t, 102, 328–329 and incontinence, 185, 186t lung cancer, 71t, 85, 481, 481t, 486 resources, 511–512 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, 429 Lyme disease, 342 Lymphadenectomy, axillary, 486 Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s, 487 Lyrica (pregabalin), 143t M MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool—Treatment, 24 Macrolides, 77t Macronutrient guidelines, 174–175 Macronutrient needs, 174–175 Macular degeneration, age-related, 150–151, 150f, 154 Magnesium, 175t, 177t Magnesium choline salicylate, 437 Magnesium citrate (Citroma), 105t Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia), 105t Magnetic resonance imaging, 166, 223. See also Imaging Maladaptive behaviors in mental retardation, 306 Male sexuality, 418–422 Malignancy. See also Cancer connective tissue, 38t deaths due to, 5, 6t hematologic, 487–488 musculoskeletal, 38t Mallet toe, 451 Malnutrition, 174–180. See also Nutrition ethical and legal issues, 179–180 screening for, 65, 66t Mammography, 66t, 67 Managed care, 35–36 home-health care, 39 inpatient care, 36–37 nursing-home care, 40 postacute rehabilitation, 38 Mania behavioral disturbances in dementia with, 234–235, 235t medications for, 277, 278t mood stabilizers for, 234–235, 235t Manic-like syndromes in dementia, 231–232, 234–235 medications for, 277, 278t treatment of, 234–235 March à petits pas, 197 Marital status, 2–3, 3t MAST (Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test), 301 MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease), 103 MDS. See Minimum Data Set Mechanical loading and pressure ulcers, 261 Mechanical ventilation, 331 Mediators of stress, 19–20 Medicaid, 2, 34, 34t, 42 adult foster care benefits, 132 advantages and disadvantages of, 35t assisted-living benefits, 131–132 continuing-care retirement community benefits, 132 future of, 42 hospice benefits, 134 Program of All-inclusive Care of the Elderly (PACE), 39–40, 130 telemedicine benefits, 131 Medical directors of nursing homes, 124 Medical savings accounts (MSAs), 41 Medicare, 2 assisted-living benefits, 131–132 beneficiaries with chronic conditions and self-reporting fair or poor health, 4, 5f billing codes and reimbursement for home visits, 127–128, 128t continuing-care retirement community benefits, 132 day hospital benefits, 129 fee for service, 31, 33, 34t, 35t, 36, 37t, 42 future of, 42 hearing aid benefits, 162 home-care benefits, 127 home-care certification, 126, 126t home-health benefits, 110 hospice benefits, 28, 134 immunization benefits, 68 marital status and living arrangements of beneficiaries, 2, 3t Part A, 32, 33, 34t, 35t Part B, 32, 33, 34t, 35t, 42 Part D, 34, 35t, 42 perceived health of beneficiaries, 4, 5t postacute care benefits, 110 self-reported functional limitations of beneficiaries, 4–5, 6f skilled nursing facilities, 109 telemedicine benefits, 131 Medicare Advantage, 31, 35t, 40–41, 42 Medicare Health Outcomes Survey, 41 Medicare HMO Plan, 32, 34t, 35, 40 advantages and disadvantages of, 35t payment of health care providers by, 36, 36t Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, 42 Medicare Personal Plan Finder, 32, 41 Medicare Plus Choice, 31, 40–41 Medicare SELECT, 35 Medicated urethral system for erection (MUSE), 421t, 422 Medications. See Drugs; Pharmacotherapy Medigap, 32, 34–35, 34t, 35t Megestrol, 179 Meglitinides, 386, 387t Melanoma, 318–319, 318f Melatonin, 380 Memantine, 228 Membranous nephropathy, 404 Memory problems. See also Cognitive impairment; Dementia resources, 512 Men androgens in, 212 headaches in, 461 hip and vertebral fractures in, 210 life expectancy of, 1, 2t marital status and living arrangements of Medicare beneficiaries, 2, 3t nursing-home population, 120 overweight and obesity among, 178t self-reported functional limitations of Medicare beneficiaries, 4–5, 6f sexual dysfunction in, 418, 419t stroke incidence in, 459 urinary tract infection in, 338 Ménière's disease, 163 Meningitis, bacterial, 341 Menopausal symptoms CAM treatment for, 84 treatment of, 411 Mental health in aging adults with mental retardation, 305–306 health insurance coverage for outpatient care, 34t self-efficacy beliefs and, 19, 19t social networks and, 20–21, 21t and substance use, 301 Mental retardation, 38t, 304–307 definition of, 304–305 diagnosis and treatment of, 306 disorders associated with specific types of, 306, 306t medical disorders with, 307 prevalence of, 305 psychiatric and mental disorders in aging adults with, 305–306 social conditions, 307 Mental status, altered. See Delirium Meperidine (Demerol), 147, 245t Metabolic and insulin signaling, caloric restriction theory of aging, 9t, 10, 15 Metabolic disorders, 38t, 368–381 associated with incontinence, 185, 186t calcium disorders, 373–376 parathyroid disorders, 373–376 thyroid disorders, 369–373 Metabolic encephalopathy, 239 Metabolic requirements, 96 Metabolism age-associated changes in, 73 of drugs, 73 fatty acid, 12–13, 13t preoperative assessment and management of, 103 METAGLIP (glipizide and metformin), 388t Metalloproteinase 3 & 10, 13t Metamucil (psyllium), 105t Metatarsal prolapse, 452t Metatarsalgia, 452t, 453 Metered-dose inhalers, 327, 328t Metformin (Glucophage, Glucophage XR), 177t, 386, 387t Methotrexate, 441, 444 Methylcellulose (Citrucel), 105t Methylphenidate (Ritalin), 234, 275–276, 276t Methylprednisolone for chondrocalcinosis, 439 for polymyalgia rheumatica, 439 for polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 443–444 Methyltestosterone, 417–418 Mexiletine (Mexitil), 143t Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), 301 Micronase (glyburide), 387t Micronutrient requirements, 175, 175t Micronutrient supplements, 179 Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, 386 Micturition, normal, 185 Mid-foot disorders, 451–453 Miglitol (Glyset), 387t Migraines, 461 Mild cognitive impairment, 223–224, 224t Milk of Magnesia (magnesium hydroxide), 105t Mineral oil, 177t Mini-Cog Assessment Instrument for Dementia, 48, 223 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 24, 47, 223, 240 tests of attention, 241t Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF), 177 Minimal-change nephropathy, 404 Minimum Data Set (MDS), 122, 175, 179, 262 Minimum Data Set (MDS 2), 110 Minocycline, 441 Miotics, 152, 152t MiraLax (polyethylene glycol), 105t Mirtazapine (Remeron, Sol-tabs), 179, 275, 276t for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 235t for insomnia, 257t for sleep disturbances, 237, 256–257 Mistreatment. See Elder mistreatment Mitral regurgitation, 355 Mitral stenosis, 355–356 Mixed anxiety and depression, 283, 284t Mixed hearing loss, 156, 157f Mixed urge and stress incontinence, 191t MMSE. See Mini-Mental State Examination Mobility aids, 117–118, 201 Mobility status and prevention of pressure ulcers, 262 rapid screening followed by assessment and management of, 45–46, 45t and rehabilitation, 111 Modafinil (Provigil), 276t Moderators of stress, 20–21 Mono-Gesic (salsalate), 143t Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 275 Mood disorders, 269–307 in dementia, 234 psychotic symptoms in, 288 treatment of, 234 Mood stabilizers, 234–235, 235t Morbidity, 6–7 Morphine, immediate release (MSIR, Roxanol), 144t Morphine, sustained release (MSContin, Kadian), 144t Morton's syndrome, 452t Motor neuron disease, 468 Motor vehicle accidents. See also Driving death rates, 5 recommended preventive services for, 66t Movement disorders, 461–467 drug-induced, 466 MSAs. See Medical savings accounts MSContin (morphine, sustained release), 144t MSIR (morphine, immediate release), 144t MTB. See Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mucosal problems, oral, 323–324 Multidensity inserts for shoes, 457 Multiple myeloma, 212t, 487–488 Multiple sclerosis, 185, 186t Multiple system atrophy, 464–465 Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders, 430–444 CAM treatment for, 81–82 diagnosis of, 430–431 exercise treatment of, 431 and incontinence, 185, 186t malignancy, 38t resources, 511 MUSE (medicated urethral system for erection), 421t, 422 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), 338–339 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 475–476, 487 Myelopathy, 469 Myeloproliferative disorders, chronic, 478–479 Myelotoxicity, 483t Myocardial infarction ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary revascularization in treatment of, 347, 348t ACC/AHA indications for early invasive treatment of unstable angina, 348t acute, 38t, 347–348, 491t coronary revascularization after, 349 non-Q-wave, 347, 348t preventive activities for, 69t recommended preventive services for, 66t risk factors for coronary events after, 349, 349t risk stratification after, 349, 349t screening for, 69t treatment after, 348–349 Myofascial pain, 141 Myofascial trigger points, 432 Myopathy, 470 N Nail problems, 454–456 Narcissistic personality disorder features of, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Narcotic analgesics, 185t Narcotics Anonymous, 302 Nateglinide (Starlix), 387t National Center on Elder Abuse Web site, 90 National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel (3rd Report) recommendations for physical activity, 58t National Council on Aging, Inc. Nutrition Screening Initiative, 177 National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines regarding body size classification, 175, 175t National Osteoporosis Foundation recommendations for BMD testing, 213 Native Americans burning mouth syndrome in, 324 CAM use by, 81 nursing-home population, 120 Nausea and vomiting postoperative, 104 in terminal illness, 136–137, 136t Neck pain, 445, 449–450 assessment of, 450 causes of, 449–450 diagnostic imaging of, 450 management of, 450 Nedocromil, 328t Neglect. See also Elder mistreatment key indicators of, 88t self-neglect, 89 Neoplasia, vulvar, 413 Nephritis acute interstitial, 406 deaths due to, 5, 6t Nephropathy, 404, 406 Nephrosis, 5, 6t Nephrotic syndrome, 404 deaths due to, 5, 6t Nepro, 183t Neuralgia, post-herpetic, 315 Neurodermatitis, 311 Neuroendocrinologic theory of aging, 9t, 10 Neuroimaging, 166. See also Imaging Neurologic diseases and disorders, 458–470 associated with incontinence, 185, 186t CAM treatment for, 83–84 cerebrovascular disease, 5, 6t, 38t, 185, 186t, 459–461 epilepsy, 467 headaches, 461–462 motor neuron disease, 468 movement disorders, 462–467 myelopathy, 469 myopathy, 470 peripheral neuropathy, 469–470 degenerative disorders of, 38t radiculopathy, 469 resources, 512 subdural hematoma, 461 Neurologic testing, 172 Neurontin (gabapentin), 143t Neuropathic pain, 141 Neuropathy, peripheral, 469–470 Neuropsychiatry diseases associated with incontinence, 185, 186t disorders in aging adults with mental retardation, 305–306 preoperative concerns, 103 and sleep problems, 250–251 Neurosyphilis, 341–342 Niacin drug interactions, 177t for dyslipidemia, 351t RDAs for persons aged 71 and older, 175t Nifedipine, 354 NIH Stroke Scale, 114, 459, 461 Nitrates, 77t Nitroglycerin, 347 Nociceptive pain, 141 Nodular melanoma, 318 Nodular thyroid disease, 373, 374f Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 487 Nonadherence to medications, 79 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chondrocalcinosis, 439 drug interactions, 77t gastric complications with, 393 for gout, 438 and incontinence, 185t kidney diseases associated with use of, 407 medications to avoid in older adults, 147 for osteoarthritis, 437 for persistent pain, 145 for rheumatoid arthritis, 440–441 risk factors for upper gastrointestinal adverse events with, 393, 393t Nonverbal communication, cross-cultural, 52 Normal-pressure hydrocephalus effect on incontinence, 185, 186t interventions for, 200 Norpramin (desipramine), 143t, 275t Norton Scale, 260 Nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor), 274, 275t for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 235t for persistent pain management, 143t Novolin (insulin), 389t Novolin 70/30 (isophane insulin & regular insulin), 389t NovoLog (insulin aspart), 389t Numeric Rating Scale for pain, 141 Nurse practitioners, health insurance coverage for, 34t Nursing care trends, 7 Nursing-home acquired pneumonia, 336–337. See also Pneumonia Nursing-home care, 40, 119–125 availability of, 120–121 ethics in, 29–30 fee for service, 40 financing of, 120–121 health insurance coverage for, 34t managed care, 40 medical care issues, 122–123 medical directors of, 124 physician practice in, 123–124, 124t placement factors, 121 population, 120 quality issues, 122 sleep in, 254 staffing patterns, 121 trends in use, 3–4 Nursing Home Compare, 40 Nutriceuticals, 72 Nutrient-drug interactions, 176, 177t Nutrition. See also Undernutrition assessment of, 45–46, 45t, 47, 175–177 disorders, 38t ethical and legal issues, 179–180 in hospitalized patients, 92t, 96 intake, 176 interventions, 45–46, 45t, 92t, 178–179 malnutrition, 174–180 oral, 178–179 for prevention of pressure ulcers, 261 to reduce risk of osteoporosis, 212t requirements, 174, 174t resources, 512 risk factors for poor nutritional status, 176–177, 177t screening, 45–46, 45t. 65, 66t, 175–177, 501 syndromes, 177–178 Nutrition Screening Initiative, 177 Nutritional supplements for pressure ulcers, 266 recommendations for, 69t Nystagmus, 165 O OASIS. See Outcome and Assessment Information Set Obesity, 178 activity recommendations for, 58t, 61 definition of, 65 prevalence of, 178, 178t recommended preventive services for, 66t screening for, 65, 66t OBRA. See Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 282 features of, 291, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t treatment strategies for, 284t Obstructive nephropathy, 406 Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic, 38t, 328–329 Obstructive sleep apnea, 329 Occlusive peripheral vascular disease, 359–360 Occult gastrointestinal bleeding, 397 Occupational therapy (OT), 34t Office-based house-call programs, 127–128 Office visits, 45–46 Olanzapine (Zyprexa, Zyprexa Zydis) for agitated delirium, 246, 246t for anxiety disorders, 284 dosing and side effects, 288, 288t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 278t, 279 for Parkinson's disease and hallucinations, 289 for psychosis in dementia, 236–237, 236t Older Americans Act, 132, 178 Older foreign-born population, 3 Olecranon bursitis, 434 Olfactory dysfunction, 324 drugs that cause, 324, 324t nonpharmacologic causes of, 324, 325t Omega-3-acid ethyl esters, 351t Omega-3 fatty acids, 82t Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, 89, 123, 179 Oncology, 479–488. See also Cancer Onychauxis, 454, 454f Onychodysplasia, 453f, 454 Onychodystrophy, 453f, 454 Onychogryphosis, 454, 455f Onycholysis, 454, 456 Onychomycosis, 454–455, 454f, 455f Onychophosis, 454 Operative therapy. See also Perioperative care extensive procedures unrelated to principal diagnosis, 38t overview of, 99 Ophthalmic corticosteroids, 153 Opioids adverse effects of, 146 barriers to using, 145–146 and delirium, 245t dependence on, 146 for dyspnea, 138–139 for persistent pain, 145 Optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic, 152–152, 153f Oral diseases and disorders, 319–326 cancer, 66t, 323, 324 candidiasis, 324 dental decay, 320–321, 320f dysphagia, 181 edentulism, 66t, 321–322 mucosal problems, 323–324 Oral nutrition, 178–179 Oral tissues, 319–320, 320t Orasone (prednisone), 143t Oregon adult foster care, 132 Death with Dignity Act, 28 Organic brain syndrome. See Delirium Organic disturbances, 38t Organic hallucinosis, 289–290 Orgaran (danaparoid), 492t Oropharyngeal dysphagia, 182 Orthopedic disorders of the foot, 451–453 of the mid- and forefoot, 451–453 Orthostatic hypotension, 163, 173 Orthotics, 457 for gait disorders, 201 for rehabilitation, 117, 118–119 Osmolite, 183t Osteoarthritis, 436–437 activity recommendations for, 58t CAM treatment for, 81–82 diagnostic criteria for, 436t exercise treatment of, 431 of the foot, 457 Osteomalacia, 212t, 219 Osteomyelitis, 341 Osteoporosis, 210–221 activity recommendations for, 58t, 61–62 definition of, 210 diagnosis of, 212–214 epidemiology of, 210 impact of, 210 medications to prevent and treat, 215–219, 216t pathogenesis of, 211–212 prevention of, 66t, 214–219 risk factors for, 212, 212t sacral fractures of, 447 screening for, 67 secondary causes of, 212–213, 212t treatment of, 214–219 vertebral compression fracture of, 446–447 Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), 110, 125 Outpatient care, 32–36 health insurance coverage for, 34t mental health care, 34t of substance abuse, 302–303 Ovarian cancer screening, 71t Overflow incontinence, 187 Overprescribing, 75, 75t Overweight, 178t Oxandrolone, 179 Oxazepam, 284 Oxcarbazepine, 468t Oxidative stress theory of aging, 9–10, 9t Oxybutynin, 190t, 191, 245t Oxycodone, immediate release (OxyIR), 144t Oxycodone, sustained release (OxyContin), 144t Oxygen therapy, 138, 347 OxyIR (oxycodone, immediate release), 144t P PACE. See Program of All-inclusive Care of the Elderly Pacemakers, 358 Paget's disease, 212t, 375–376 Pain assessment, 140–142 back and neck pain, 445–451 in cognitively impaired persons, 142, 142t definition of, 140 evaluating reports of, 431, 432f heel and arch pain, 453 mixed or unspecified, 141 myofascial, 141 neuropathic, 141 nociceptive, 141 persistent, 58t, 140–147 phantom limb pain, 117 resources, 512–513 somatic, 141 Pain management. See also Palliative care activity recommendations, 58t drugs for persistent pain, 146–147 fundamental approaches to treatment, 142 narcotic analgesia, 185t postoperative, 106 resources, 512–513 Pain maps, 141 Pain scales, 141 Palliative care, 133–140 definition of, 134 endoscopic palliation, 392 hospice, 34t, 40, 134–135, 134t interventions that may hasten death, 27–28 for nonpain symptoms, 135–139 Palsy, progressive supranuclear, 465 Pamelor (nortriptyline), 143t, 275t Pancreatic cancer screening, 71t Panic attack, 281 Panic disorder, 281–282, 284t Pantothenic acid, 175t Pap smear, 66t, 67 Papaverine, 420, 421–422, 421t Paranoid personality disorder features of, 291, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Parathyroid hormone, 216t, 218 Parathyroid metabolism disorders, 373–376 Parkinson's disease, 461–464 CAM treatment for, 83 clinical features of, 463 and incontinence, 185, 186t Parkinson's plus disease, 464–465 Paroxetine (Paxil), 235t, 274t Passive-aggressive personality disorder features of, 291, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Paxil (paroxetine), 274t PC-SPES, 84–85 Pediculosis capitis, 316 Pediculosis corporis, 316 Pediculosis pubis, 316 Pedometers, 62 Pelvic examination, 410–411 Pelvic floor support disorders, 413–414 Pelvic muscle exercises, 500 for stress and mixed urge and stress incontinence, 191t, 192–193 for urge incontinence, 190t Pelvic organ prolapse classification of, 413, 413t surgery for, 414 Pelvis, fracture of, 38t Penile prosthesis, 421t, 422 Peptic ulcer disease, 393 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding, 183 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, 347, 348 indications for, 360 after myocardial infarction, 349 Performance-based functional assessment, 199 Periodic limb movement disorder, 252 Periodic limb movements during sleep, 252 Periodontal anatomy, 320f Periodontal ligament, 321 Periodontitis, 321 Periodontium, 321 Perioperative care, 99–107 ACC/AHA guideline for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery, 100 cardiovascular, 100–102, 101f, 103–104 delirium, 103, 106 endocrine abnormalities in, 105–106 gastrointestinal, 104–105, 105t iatrogenic complications in, 103 kidney function in, 103, 104 postoperative care, 103–107 preoperative care, 100–103 respiratory, 102 Periostitis, 452t Peripheral arterial disease, 358–360 Peripheral neuropathy, 469–470 Peripheral vascular disease and foot, 457 occlusive, 359–360 postacute rehabilitation, 38t Peripheral venous insufficiency, 185, 186t Persistent pain, 140–147 activity recommendations for, 58t assessment of, 140–141 nonopioid medication to treat, 146–147 pharmacologic therapy for, 142–145 treatment of, 142–147 Personality disorders, 290–295 classes of, 291, 292t diagnostic challenges, 291 differential diagnosis of, 291–293 epidemiology of, 291 features of, 292t long-term course, 293 therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Pes cavus, 452t Pes planus, 452t Pes valgo planus, 452t Pessaries for pelvic organ prolapse, 413–414 Phantom limb pain, 117 Pharmacodynamics age-associated changes in, 74–75 chemotherapy issues, 483t Pharmacokinetics age-associated changes in, 72–74 chemotherapy issues, 483t Pharmacotherapy, 72–80 adverse drug events, 76, 76t, 393, 393t for agitated delirium, 246, 246t for alcohol and drug abuse, 303 antibiotic management, 334 antiepileptic drugs, 467, 468t for anxiety disorders, 283–284 for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 424t for dementia, 227–229 for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 234–235, 235t for dyslipidemia, 349–350, 350t, 351t factors associated with inappropriate prescribing or overprescribing, 75, 75t general issues, 227–228 for hypertension, 363–365 for insomnia, 256–257, 257t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 277, 278t for mixed urge and stress incontinence, 191t non-insulin agents for diabetes mellitus, 386, 387t–388t nonadherence, 79 optimizing prescribing, 75 for osteoporosis prevention and treatment, 215–219, 216t for persistent pain, 142–145, 143t–144t, 146–147 for prevention of falls, 498 principles of prescribing, 78–79, 78t to reduce or eliminate in management of delirium, 243–244, 245t to reduce risk of osteoporosis, 212t for schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like syndromes, 287–288 for sleep problems, 253–254, 256–257 for stress incontinence, 191t suboptimal, in hospitalized patients, 92t, 95 sulfa drugs, 77t trends in use, 7 for undernutrition syndromes, 179 for urge incontinence, 190t Pharyngeal dysphagia, 181–182 Phenelzine, 284t Phenobarbital, 245t, 468t Phentolamine, 421–422 for erectile dysfunction, 421t Phenytoin and delirium, 245t drug interactions, 77t for epilepsy, 468t nutrient interactions, 177t Pheochromocytoma, 377t Phobia, social, 284t Phobic disorders, 282 Phosphate salts, 219 Phosphorus, 175t Photoaging, 309 Photodynamic therapy, 150 Physical activity, 56–64. See also Exercise counseling for, 66t, 68 economic effects of, 57 framework for discussions about, 62, 63f levels in older adults, 59 preventive health effects of, 56–57 promoting, 62–64 recommendations for, 57, 58t, 59, 60, 62 risks of, 62 therapeutic effects of, 57–59 Physical assessment, 46–47 Physical disability excess, with substance abuse, 300–301 International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) (WHO), 108, 109f trends in, 6–7 Physical status ASA classification of, 100, 100t self-efficacy beliefs and, 19, 19t social networks and, 20–21, 21t Physical therapy, health insurance coverage for, 34t Physician-assisted suicide, 27–28 Physicians health insurance coverage for, 34t home care role, 126 nursing-home care responsibilities, 123, 124t nursing-home practice, 123–124 Pick's disease, 233 Pioglitazone (Actos), 387t Pirbuterol, 328t Plantar fasciitis, 452t, 453 Plaque, dental, 321 Platelets, 477–478 Pleurisy, 38t Pneumococcal vaccination in hospitalized patients, 92t, 96–97 recommendations for, 66t, 69 Pneumonia, 38t, 335–337 aspiration, 182 causes of, 335–336, 336f community-acquired, 336 deaths due to, 5, 6t hospital-acquired, 336–337 in hospitalized patients, 92t nursing-home acquired, 336–337 and rehabilitation, 111–112, 112t Polycarbophil (FiberCon, others), 105t Polycythemia vera, 478 Polyethylene glycol (MiraLax), 105t Polymyalgia rheumatica, 439 Polymyositis, 431, 443–444 Polyps, colonic, 398–399 Polysomnography, 250 Popliteal cyst, 435–436 Post-herpetic neuralgia, 315 Postacute care health insurance coverage for, 34t nursing-home care, 120–121 primary diagnoses for which "early" discharges from hospitals are regarded as "transfers" to, 37, 38t Postacute rehabilitation, 37–38 fee for service, 38–39 managed care, 38 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 282–283, 284t Postvoiding residual volume measurement, 189 Potassium, 77t, 177t Potassium supplements, 77t PPD skin tests, 339 PPOs. See Preferred provider organizations Prader-Willie syndrome, 306, 306t Pramipexole, 464 Pramlintide (Symlin), 388t Prandin (repaglinide), 387t Pravastatin, 351t Pre-renal acute renal insufficiency, 405 Prealbumin, 176 Precose (acarbose), 387t Prednisone (Deltasone, Liquid Pred, Orasone) for headache due to giant cell (temporal) arteritis, 461 for persistent pain management, 143t for polymyalgia rheumatica, 439 for polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 443–444 Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), 40 Pregabalin (Lyrica), 143t Prehypertension, 361–362, 362t Preoperative assessment and management, 100–103 Preoperative cardiac care, 100, 101f Presbycusis, 156 Presbyesophagus, 181 Prescribing Cascade, 76 factors associated with inappropriate prescribing or overprescribing, 75, 75t optimizing, 75 principles of, 78–79, 78t Prescription drugs. See Drugs; Pharmacotherapy Pressure Sore Status Tool, 266 Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing, 266 Pressure ulcers, 259–268 assessment of, 262–264 Braden Scale, 260 complications from, 267 control of infections in, 266–267 dressings for, 264, 265t epidemiology of, 259–260 incidence of, 260 management of, 262–267, 263t monitoring healing, 266 Norton Scale, 260 prevalence of, 260 prevention of, 261–262, 261t risk-assessment scales, 260 risk factors for, 260 staging system for, 262–264, 263t support surfaces for persons at risk for, 262, 262t surgical repair of, 264 treatment of, 264–267 Presyncope, 164 Prevention, 64–71 aspirin therapy, 347 of atherosclerotic complications of diabetes mellitus, 385–386 atherosclerotic stroke prevention, 459–460 of delirium, 247 delivery of services, 71 of elder mistreatment, 86–87 of falls, 66t, 206–207 health insurance coverage for services, 34t of hip fracture recurrence, 116 of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, 386 physical activity effects, 56–57 potentially beneficial services lacking evidence, 69, 69t recommended services, 64–71, 66t, 69t services not indicated in older adults, 70–71, 71t Primidone, 245t Private FFS plans, 41 Problem solving therapy for depression, 272, 272t Problem substance use, 298 Progesterone, 237 Program of All-inclusive Care of the Elderly (PACE), 39–40, 130 Progressive supranuclear palsy, 465 Prompted voiding, 190t, 191t Propoxyphene (Darvon), 147 Propulsion, 196t Prospective payment system (PPS), 39, 125 Prostaglandins, 152, 152t Prostate cancer, 425–429 CAM treatment for, 84–85 diagnostic tests, 426 ethnic and racial differences in incidence, 481, 481t grading, 426 hormonal therapy for, 484t incidence and epidemiology, 425 locally advanced, 428 management of advanced disease, 429 management of localized disease, 427–428, 428t screening for, 69t, 70, 426 staging systems for, 426–427, 427t symptoms, 425 Prostate disease, 423–430 Prostate-specific antigen testing, 426 Prostatectomy, radical, 427–428, 428t Prostatic hyperplasia, benign, 423–425 CAM treatment for, 84 management options for, 424, 424t Prostatism, 423 Prostatitis, 429 Prosthesis, penile, 421t, 422 Prosthetic device infections, 340 Protein-energy undernutrition, 178 Protein needs, 174–175, 174t Proteinuria, 402–403 Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 41 Provigil (modafinil), 276t Proxy, health care, 25 Prozac (fluoxetine), 274t Pruritus, 313 Pseudo-addiction, 146 Pseudoclaudication, 446 Pseudogout, 438–439 Pseudomembranous colitis, 398 Psoriasis, 313–314, 314f PSOs. See Provider-sponsored organizations Psychiatric diseases and disorders. See also specific disorders associated with incontinence, 185, 186t in aging adults with mental retardation, 305–306 preoperative concerns, 103 and sleep problems, 250–251 Psychoactive medications, 229 Psychogenic dizziness, 163 Psychologic mistreatment, 88–89 Psychologic assessment, 48 Psychologic problems, 513 Psychosis antipsychotic agents for, 236–237, 236t in dementia, 236–237, 236t, 288–289 and incontinence, 185, 186t Psychosocial issues, 16–22 and sleep disorders, 250–251 Psychotherapy for anxiety disorders, 284–285 for dementia, 225 for geriatric syndrome of late-life depression, 272, 272t Psychotic depression, 277 Psychotic disorders, 285–290 Psychotic symptoms in delirium, 288 in dementia, 288–289 in mood disorder, 288 Psyllium (Metamucil), 105t Pulmocare, 183t Pulmonary alterations, age-related, 326 Pulmonary disease, 327–330 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 4, 4f, 38t, 66t, 102, 328–329 and incontinence, 185, 186t Pulmonary embolism, 329–330 anticoagulants for prophylaxis and treatment of, 492t–493t indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t and rehabilitation, 112t Pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic, 329 Pure red cell aplasia, 475 PVD. See Peripheral vascular disease PVR measurement. See Postvoiding residual volume measurement Q Quality Improvement System for Managed Care (QISMC), 41 Quality of life assessment of, 48–49 with cancer, 485 Quality of nursing-home care, 122 Quetiapine (Seroquel) for agitated delirium, 246, 246t for anxiety disorders, 284 dosing and side effects, 287, 288t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 278t, 279 for Parkinson's disease and hallucinations, 289 for psychosis in dementia, 236–237, 236t Quinolones, 77t R Racial differences in cancer diagnosis and survival, 481, 481t in cancer incidence, 481, 481t Radiation therapy for cancer, 484–485 external beam, 428, 428t postoperative irradiation after lumpectomy, 485–486 for prostate cancer, 428, 428t, 429 Radical prostatectomy, 427–428, 428t Radiculopathy, 469 Radiography, annual chest, 71t. See also Diagnostic imaging Raloxifene, 216t for osteoporosis prevention and treatment, 217 Rational Recovery, 302 Recommended dietary allowances for persons aged 71 and older, 175t Red blood cell disorders, 38t Red eye, 153 5-Reductase inhibitors, 424–425, 424t Refludan (lepirudin), 493t Reflux, gastroesophageal, 391–392 Refractive error, 149–150 Rehabilitation, 108–119 adaptive methods for, 117, 118–119 for amputation, 117 approaches and interventions, 113 comorbidities and, 111–113, 112t conceptual model for, 108–109 coverage and services, 109–110 environmental modifications, 117, 118–119 fee for service, 38–39 of hearing loss, 160, 160t of hip fracture, 115–116 low-vision, 154 mobility aids, 117–118 nursing-home care, 120–121 orthotics, 117, 118–119 outcomes, 110–111 overview of, 108 postacute, 37–38, 38–39 sites of care, 109–111 for stroke, 113–115 teams and roles, 111 Relaxation training for anxiety disorders, 285 to improve sleep, 255, 255t for urge incontinence, 190 REM sleep behavior disorder, 253 Remeron (mirtazapine), 276t Reminiscence therapy for dementia, 225 Renal dialysis, 408–409 Renal insufficiency or failure acute, 404–405 chronic, 404 Renal transplantation, 408–409 Renal tubular acidosis type IV, 401 Renal vascular disease, 406–407 Repaglinide (Prandin), 387t Research informed consent for, 26 using cognitively impaired persons as subjects, 26, 26t Resident Assessment Protocols, 179 Resistance training, 59, 60 Resource utilization groups (RUGS), 38–39, 109–110 Resources, 503–514 Respiratory diseases and disorders, 326–332 antibiotic therapy for infections, 334, 335t chronic lower respiratory disease, 5, 6t chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 38t, 328–329 and incontinence, 185, 186t preoperative assessment and management of, 102 pulmonary disease, 185, 186t, 327–330 symptoms and complaints, 326–327 Restless legs syndrome, 252 Restraints, 30 Resveratrol, 15 Retinopathy, diabetic, 151–152, 151f Retropulsion, 196t Rheumatism, soft-tissue, 431–436 Rheumatoid arthritis, 437–438, 440–443 diagnostic criteria for, 440t exercise treatment of, 431 of the foot, 457 Rheumatoid gout, 437–438 Riboflavin, 175t Right ventricular failure, 351 Risedronate, 216, 216t Risperidone (Risperdal, Risperdal Consta) for agitated delirium, 246, 246t for anxiety disorders, 284 dosing and side effects, 287–288, 288t for mania and manic-like symptoms, 278t, 279 for psychosis in dementia, 236–237, 236t Ritalin (methylphenidate), 276t Rituximab, 484 Rivastigmine, 228 Role loss and acquisition, 18 Romberg test, 199 Ropinirole, 464 Rosacea, 310, 310f Rosiglitazone (Avandia), 387t Rosiglitazone and metformin (Avandamet), 388t Rosuvastatin, 351t Rotator cuff disease, 433–434 Roxanol (morphine, immediate release), 144t RUGS. See Resource utilization groups Rule of double effect, 27 S S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e), 83 Sacral fractures, osteoporotic, 447 Safety assessment of, 48 attention to, 227 of CAM modalities, 81 Salflex (salsalate), 143t Salicylates, 177t Salivary function, 322–323 Salivary glands, 319–320, 320t Salmeterol, 328t Salsalate (Disalcid, Mono-Gesic, Salflex), 143t, 437 SAM-e, 82t Sarcopenia, 60 Saw palmetto, 82t Scabies, 315–316 Schizoid personality disorder features of, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like syndromes, 286–288 definition of, 286 epidemiology and clinical characteristics of, 287 treatment and management of, 287–288 Schizotypal personality disorder features of, 292t therapeutic strategies for, 293–295, 294t Sciatica, 446 Scissoring, 196t Screening, 65–68 attention examination, 241t cancer, 482–483 for elder mistreatment, 88t for hearing loss, 158 for hormone hypersecretion in adrenal incidentaloma, 377t nutrition, 175–177, 501 rapid, 45–46, 45t recommended services, 66t, 69–70, 69t for secondary osteoporosis, 212, 212t services not indicated in older adults, 71t for urinary incontinence, 188t Seborrheic dermatitis, 310 Seborrheic keratoses, 316, 316f Section 8, Housing and Urban Development programs, 132 Sedating antidepressants, 257t Sedative hypnotics, 185t Seizures, 38t, 171t, 467 and rehabilitation, 112t Selective estrogen receptor modulators, 216t, 217 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 274tI. See also specific agents for anxiety disorders, 283, 284t for depression, 273–274, 276 for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 235t nutrient interactions, 177t Selegiline, 464 Selenium, 175t Self-efficacy beliefs, 19, 19t Self-management support, 386–388 Self-neglect, 89 Semi-starvation, 178 Senescence age-related changes in, 12–13, 13t clonal, 11 DNA and gene expression during, 11–13 immune, 332 Senile chorea, 465–466 Senna (Senokot), 105t Sensorineural hearing loss, 156, 157f Sensory impairment gustatory dysfunction, 324, 324t, 325t hearing impairment, 155–162 in hospitalized patients, 92t, 94 interventions for, 92t resources, 513–514 smell dysfunction, 324, 324t, 325t taste dysfunction, 324, 324t, 325t visual impairment, 149–155 Sepsis, 335 Septicemia, 5, 6t Seroquel (quetiapine), 278t Serotonin norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors, 235t, 284t Sertraline (Zoloft), 235t, 273, 274t Sex therapy, 421t Sexual function disorders, 415–422 female, 416–418 in men, 418, 419t resources, 513 Sexuality female, 416–418 male, 418–422 resources, 513 SF-36. See Short Form-36 Health Survey Sheltered housing, 132 Shingles, 153–154, 342 SHMOs. See Social Health Maintenance Organizations Shock, 38t Shoes, special, 457 Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), 48, 113 Shoulder pain adhesive capsulitis, 434 biceps tendinitis, 433 evaluation of, 431, 432f frozen shoulder syndrome, 434 lower cervical nerve impingement, 434 rotator cuff disease, 433–434 Sight problems. See Visual impairment Sildenafil for erectile dysfunction, 420–421, 421t for female sexual dysfunction, 418 Simvastatin, 351t Sinusitis, 4, 4f Sir2, 15 Sirtuin-activating compounds, 15 Sjögren's disease, 442–443 Sjögren's syndrome, 442–443 Skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), 34t, 109 Skin care, 261 Skin problems breakdown, 111, 112t cancer, 69–70, 69t, 317–319 dermatologic diseases and disorders, 309–319 infections, 334, 335t resources, 514 skin and nails disorders, 453–456 Sleep apnea, 251–252, 329 Sleep-disordered breathing. See Sleep apnea Sleep hygiene, 254t Sleep problems, 249–259 age-related changes, 249–250 apnea, 215–252, 329 CAM treatment for, 83–84 in dementia, 237, 253 disorders, 250–253 epidemiology of, 249 evaluation of, 250 in hospital, 253–254 management of, 254–255 nonpharmacologic interventions for, 255–256, 255t in nursing home, 254 periodic limb movements, 252 pharmacotherapy for, 256–257 restriction of sleep, 255, 255t sleep-wake cycle disturbances, 252–253 Sleeping medications, 253–254, 258 Smell dysfunction, 324 drugs that cause, 324, 324t nonpharmacologic causes of, 324, 325t Smoking cessation counseling for, 66t, 68 Five As approach to, 328 to reduce risk of osteoporosis, 212t Snellen chart, 47, 66 SNFs. See Skilled nursing facilities Social assessment, 48 Social Health Maintenance Organizations (SHMOs), 130 Social involvement, 20 Social networks, 20–21, 21t Social phobia, 284t Social Services Block Grant programs, 131–132 Social status, 18–19 Social support for hospitalized patients, 92t, 96 Socioeconomic status, 1–2 Sodium phosphate, 105t Soft-tissue infections, 334, 335t Soft-tissue rheumatism, 431–436 Sol-tabs (mirtazapine), 276t Solar keratoses, 317 Solifenacin, 190t, 191 Somatic pain, 141 Somatoform disorders, 290, 295–297 causes, 295–296 clinical characteristics of, 295, 296t treatment of, 296–297 Sorbitol 70%, 105t Spasticity, 112t Speech, 156, 158f Spinal cord injury, 185, 186t Spinal stenosis and incontinence, 185, 186t lumbar, 446 Spiritual involvement, 21, 48 Squamous cell carcinoma, 317 oral, 323–324 Squamous hyperplasia, 412 St. John's wort, 82t, 83, 276t Staffing patterns of nursing homes, 121 Starlix (nateglinide), 387t Stasis dermatitis, 311 Statins for dyslipidemia, 349–350, 351t for osteoporosis treatment, 218 Stenting, intravascular, 360 Steppage gait, 196t, 198t Stimulants for depression, 276t Stomach disorders, 392–394 Streptokinase (Kabikinase, Streptase), 493t Stress mediators, 19–20 moderators, 20–21 posttraumatic stress disorder, 282–283, 284t Stress echocardiography, 346 Stress incontinence, 187 behavioral and pharmacologic treatments for, 191t mixed urge and stress incontinence, 191t surgical treatments for, 192t treatment strategies for, 192–193 Stress testing, 346 Stress theory model, 16–17, 17f Stressors, 17–19 Stroke assessment of severity, 114 atherosclerotic stroke prevention, 459–460 guidelines for rehabilitation after, 114 incidence of, 459 and incontinence, 185, 186t ischemic, 460–461 lacunar, 460 NIH Stroke Scale, 114, 459, 461 prevalence of, 4, 4f preventive activities for, 69t prognosis for, 459 recommended preventive services for, 66t rehabilitation for, 113–115 Stroke Impact Scale, 113 Strontium ranelate, 218 Subacute befuddlement. See Delirium Subclinical glucocorticoid hypersecretion, 377 Subclinical hyperthyroidism, 371 Subclinical hypothyroidism, 369, 370f Subdural hematoma, 461 Substance abuse alcohol abuse, 298–304 at-risk use, 298, 303 brief interventions for, 303 definitions of, 298–299 drug abuse, 298–304 excess physical disability with, 300–301 identifying disorders of, 301–302 mental health problems with, 301 outpatient management of, 302–303 risks and benefits of, 300–301 treatment of, 302–303 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 303 Substance dependence, 298 Subungual heloma, 456 Suicide, 5 physician-assisted, 27–28 Sulfa drugs, 77t Sulfasalazine, 441 Sulfonylureas, 2nd-generation, 386, 387t Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 131–132 Support surfaces and pressure ulcers, 262, 262t Support systems, social, 48 Supranuclear palsy, progressive, 465 Surgery ACC/AHA guideline for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery, 100 for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 424t, 425 for cancer, 485 coronary artery bypass, 100, 349 hip fracture, 115 indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t lower extremity bypass, 360 overview of operative therapy, 99 perioperative care, 99–107 postoperative delirium, 242–243 postoperative management, 103–107 preoperative assessment and management, 100–103 preoperative cardiac care, 100, 101f for pressure ulcers, 264 for prolapse, genital, 414 for stress incontinence, 192t, 193 total hip and knee arthroplasty, 116–117 Surveillance for prostate cancer, 427–428 Suspiciousness, isolated, 289 Swallowing, 181–182 Symlin (pramlintide), 388t Syncope, 168–173 causes of, 169, 169t classes of, 170, 171t evaluation of, 170–172 history, 170 natural history of, 169–170 physical examination of, 170–171 treatment of, 172–173 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, 376 Syphilis, 341–342 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 442 diagnostic criteria for, 442 exercise treatment of, 431 laboratory testing for, 431 T T3 thyrotoxicosis, 371 Tacrine, 228 Tadalafil, 420–421, 421t Tai Chi Chuan, 62, 206 Tailor's bunion, 452t Taste dysfunction drugs that cause, 324, 324t nonpharmacologic causes of, 324, 325t Teeth, 319–320, 320f, 320t Tegretol (carbamazepine), 143t, 278t Telemedicine, 130–131 Telomerase, 12 Telomeres, 12 Temazepam, 257t Temporal arteritis, 439–440, 461 Temporal lobe lesions, 306, 306t Tenosynovitis, 452t Terbinafine, 455 Teriparatide, 216t, 218 Terminal illness anorexia in, 137 cachexia in, 137 communicating news about, 135 constipation in, 135 cough in, 139 delirium in, 137 depression in, 137–138 diarrhea in, 137 dyspnea in, 138–139 nausea and vomiting in, 136–137, 136t palliative care, 133–140 Terminology foot disorders, 452t gait abnormalities, 196t to interpret screening and diagnostic tests, 502 preferred terms for cultural identity, 51 Testamentary competence, 24 Testosterone, 378 Testosterone supplementation, 378, 379t for erectile dysfunction, 422 for female sexual dysfunction, 416–417, 417 Tetanus booster, 66t Tetanus vaccination, 69 Theophylline for asthma, 327 drug interactions, 77t nutrient interactions, 177t Thiamin, 175t Thiazolidinediones for diabetes mellitus, 386, 387t and incontinence, 185t Thrombin inhibitors, 493t Thrombocythemia, essential, 478–479 Thrombolytics, 493t Thrombopathy, 477 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, 476 Thyroid disorders, 369–373 cancer, 373 nodular, 373, 374f screening for, 69t, 70 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 371, 372f Thyroiditis, 371, 372f Thyrotoxicosis, 371 Thyroxine (T4), 369 exogenous, 371, 372f high T4 syndrome, 371 Tiagabine, 468t Tilt-table testing, 172 Timed Get Up and Go (TUG) test, 45t, 46–47, 199 Tinea pedis, 455f Tinzaparin (Innohep), 492t Tiotropium, 328t TMP-SMX. See Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole -Tocopherol, 175t Toenails disorders of the, 454–456 ingrown, 455–456 Tolterodine, 190t, 191, 192 Toothlessness, 66t, 321–322 Topiramate, 468t Total hip and knee arthroplasty, 116–117 assessment of, 116 management of, 116–117 natural history of, 116 Toxic encephalopathy, 239 Toxic nodular goiter, 371, 372f Toxicity chemotherapy issues, 483t warfarin overdose, 492t Tracheostomy, 38t Tramadol (Ultram), 144t, 147 Transcription factors, 12–13, 13t Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic), 144t Transesophageal echocardiography, 339–340, 357 "Transfers" to postacute care, 37, 38t Transient ischemic attacks, 66t Transitions in care, 38t, 66t, 106–107 Transplantation, renal, 408–409 Transthoracic echocardiography, 339 Trauma, psychologic history of traumatic experiences, 52 posttraumatic stress disorder, 282–283, 284t Trazodone (Desyrel), 276t for anxiety disorders, 284t for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 235t for insomnia, 257t for sleep disturbances, 237, 256–257 Treatment decisions, 29–30 Tremor, essential, 466–467 Trendelenburg gait, 196t, 197, 198t Triamcinolone, 328t, 439 Triazolam, 245t, 256 Tricosal (choline magnesium trisalicylate), 143t Tricyclic antidepressants, 274, 275t. See also specific agents for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 235t for persistent pain, 147 for persistent pain management, 143t Triiodothyronine (T3), 369 Triiodothyronine (T3) thyrotoxicosis, 371 Trilisate (choline magnesium trisalicylate), 143t Trimethoprim, 177t Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), 338 Trochanteric bursitis, 435 Trospium, 190t, 192 Truth telling, 28–29 Tube feeding, 182 Tube-feeding solutions, 182–183, 183t Tuberculosis, 338–340 TUG test. See Timed Get Up and Go test Turn en bloc, 196t Two Cal HN, 183t Tylenol (acetaminophen), 143t Tyroxine (T4) for hypothyroidism, 370–371 low T4 syndrome, 369 U UI. See Urinary incontinence Ulcers arterial ulcers, 311–312, 312t basal cell carcinoma, 317, 318f peptic ulcer disease, 393 pressure ulcers, 259–268 prevalence of, 4, 4f venous ulcers, 311–312, 312t Ultralente (long-acting insulin), 389t Ultram (tramadol), 144t, 147 Ultrasonography, abdominal, 66t, 67 Undernutrition, 177–178, 179, 333 Unfractionated heparin (Hep-Lock), 492t Unstable lumbar spine, 446 Upper gastrointestinal adverse events, 393, 393t Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 112t Urge incontinence, 187 behavioral and pharmacologic treatments for, 190t mixed urge and stress incontinence, 191t treatment strategies for, 190–192 Urinary incontinence, 184–195 age-related changes potentially resulting in, 185, 186t assessment of, 187–190 behavioral interventions for, 188t, 499–500 comorbidities associated with, 185, 186t evaluation of, 188t history, 189 management of, 188t, 189–190, 499–500 medications associated with, 185t in older persons, 185 overflow, 187 pathophysiology of, 185–187 physical examination, 189 prevalence and impact of, 184–185 and rehabilitation, 111 resources, 514 screening for, 188t stepped approach to, 188t stress incontinence, 187 testing for, 189 treatment strategies for, 190–194 urge incontinence, 187 Urinary tract infections, 38t, 337–338 antibiotic therapy for, 334, 335t in men, 338 in women, 338 Urogenital atrophy, 411, 412f Urogenital symptoms, 411 Urogynecologic disorders, 84 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food guide pyramid, 174 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations for annual vision testing, 149 recommendations for BMD testing, 213 recommendations for counseling, 68 recommendations for physical activity, 58t, 62 recommendations for prostate cancer screening, 426 recommendations for screening, 66, 70 V Vaccination pneumococcal, 69 tetanus, 69 Vacuum tumescence devices, 420–421, 421t Vaginal bleeding, postmenopausal, 414–415, 414t Vaginal cones, 191t Vaginal infections, 412 Vaginal prolapse, 413, 414 Valproic acid (valproate, divalproex), 277, 468t Valvular aortic stenosis, 354–355 Valvular heart disease, 354–356 indications for anticoagulation in absence of active bleeding or severe bleeding risk, 491t preoperative assessment and management of, 100 Vardenafil, 420–421, 421t Varicella-zoster virus, reactivated, 342 Vascular dementia behavioral problems in, 233 diagnostic features of, 224t differential diagnosis of, 224 “Vascular” depression, 271 Vascular disease cardiovascular, 344–361 cerebrovascular, 38t, 459–461 peripheral vascular, 38t, 359–360, 457 renal, 404–409 Vascular ectasia, 397 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 150–151 Vasodilators, 77t Vasomotor symptoms, 411 Vasovagal syncope, 171t, 173 VDE. See Videofluoroscopic deglutition examination Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, 341–342 Venlafaxine, 275 for anxiety disorders, 283–284, 284t for depressive features of behavioral disturbances in dementia, 235t Venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR), 276t Venous disorders, 360 Venous insufficiency, peripheral, 185, 186t, 360 Venous ulcers, 311–312, 312t Ventricular arrhythmias, 356 Verapamil, 77t, 354 Verbal Descriptor Scale, 141 Vertebral fractures management of, 219 osteoporotic compression fractures, 446–447 prevalence of, 210 Vertebrobasilar arterial disease, 460 Vertigo, 163–164 acute attacks, 166 benign positional, 163, 166 Vestibular testing, 165–166 Vestibulopathy, chronic, 163 Veterans Affairs, Department of guidelines for rehabilitation after stroke, 114 hearing aid benefits, 162 Vicodin (hydrocodone), 144t Vicoprofen (hydrocodone), 144t Videofluoroscopic deglutition examination, 182 Vision services, 34t Vision testing, 47 rapid screening followed by assessment and management, 45–46, 45t recommendations for, 66t, 149 Visual disorders age-related macular degeneration, 150–151, 150f allergic conjunctivitis, 153 anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, 152–153 cataract, 149–150 diabetic retinopathy, 151–152, 151f dry-eye syndrome, 153, 442–443 glaucoma, 152, 152t herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 153–154 infections, 153–154 refractive error, 149–150 Visual impairment, 149–155 definition of, 149 low-vision rehabilitation, 154 resources, 513–514 screening for, 65–66, 66t Vitamin B1, 177t Vitamin B2, 177t Vitamin B6, 175t, 177t, 179 Vitamin B12, 175t, 177t, 179 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 185, 186t, 475, 476–477 Vitamin C, 175t, 177t Vitamin D, 179 deficiency, 96, 373 drug interactions, 177t for osteomalacia, 219 for osteoporosis, 214 RDAs for persons aged 71 and older, 175t for vitamin-D deficiency, 373 Vitamin E, 177t, 179 Vitamin K, 177t Vitamin supplements, 69t, 179 Volume depletion, 376 Vomiting. See Nausea and vomiting Vulvar disorders, 411, 412–413, 412f W Walkers, 118 Walking exercise, 60 Warfarin overdose, 492t Warfarin therapy, 491–492 for atrial fibrillation, 357 drug interactions, 77t for mitral stenosis, 355 prescribing, 491 for stroke prevention, 460 Weight loss anorexia, 137 definition of, 175 unacceptable, 179 Weight screening, 66t Wellbutrin SR (bupropion), 276t Wheezing, 327 WHI. See Women's Health Initiative White-coat hypertension, 362 Whites CAM use by, 81 cancer diagnosis and survival in, 481, 481t cancer incidence in, 481, 481t intracerebral hemorrhage in, 460 leading causes of death for, 5, 6t life expectancy of, 1, 2t multiple myeloma in, 487 nursing-home population, 120 oral cancer in, 323 perceived health of Medicare beneficiaries, 4, 5t self-reported functional limitations of Medicare beneficiaries, 4–5, 6f social status of, 18–19 WHO. See World Health Organization Withholding or withdrawing therapy, 27, 331 Women burning mouth syndrome in, 324 estrogen deficiency in, 211 gynecologic diseases and disorders, 410–415 headaches in, 461 hip and vertebral fractures in, 210 life expectancy of, 1, 2t marital status and living arrangements of Medicare beneficiaries, 2, 3t nursing-home population, 120 overweight and obesity among, 178t self-reported functional limitations of Medicare beneficiaries, 4–5, 6f sexual dysfunction in, 416–418, 417t stroke incidence in, 459 urinary tract infection in, 338 Women's Health Initiative (WHI), 379 World Health Organization (WHO), 108, 109f X Xerosis, 311, 453f, 454, 454f Z Zaleplon, 256, 257t Zinc, 177t, 179 Ziprasidone, 236–237, 236t Zoledronate, 218 Zoloft (sertraline), 274t Zolpidem and delirium, 245t for insomnia, 257t for sleep disturbances, 237, 256 Zonisamide, 468t Zyprexa (olanzapine), 278t Zyprexa Zydis (olanzapine), 278t
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