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Bio 100 – Guide 26 http://www.markstivers.com/cartoons/Cartoons%202004/Stivers-7-27-04-Dorothy-in-.gif LE 28-7a Synaptic terminals Dendrites Inhibitory Excitatory Myelin sheath Receiving cell body Axon LE 28-20b Senile plaque Neurofibrillary tangle AN OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS • Nervous system organization usually correlates with body symmetry – Sponges have no nervous system – Radially symmetrical animals • Nervous system arranged in a weblike system of neurons called a nerve net • Though uncentralized, not simple LE 28-10a Nerve net Neuron Hydra (cnidarian) –Most bilaterally symmetrical animals • Tendency to move through environment headfirst • Cephalization, concentration of the nervous system in the head region • Centralization, presence of a central nervous system LE 28-10b Eyespot Brain Nerve cord Transverse nerve Flatworm (planarian) LE 28-10c Brain Ventral nerve cord Segmental ganglion Leech (annelid) LE 28-10d Brain Ventral nerve cord Ganglia Insect (arthropod) LE 28-10e Brain Giant axon Squid (mollusc) LE 28-11a Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Spinal cord Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves LE 28-1a Sensory input Integration Sensory receptor Motor output Brain and spinal cord Effector cells Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS) LE 28-UN587 + brain LE 28-1b Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Brain Ganglion Motor neuron Spinal cord Quadriceps muscles Interneuron Nerve Flexor muscles PNS CNS LE 28-UN586-2 Nervous system CNS Brain Spinal cord Sympathetic division: fight or flight PNS Somatic: voluntary control over muscles Parasympathetic division: rest and digest Autonomic: involuntary control over organs Enteric: regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic LE 28-12 Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division Enteric division LE 28-13 Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Brain Eye Constricts pupil Dilates pupil Salivary glands Stimulates saliva production Inhibits saliva production Lung Dilates bronchi Constricts bronchi Slows heart Spinal cord Accelerates heart Heart Adrenal gland Stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release Liver Stomach Stimulates stomach, pancreas, and intestines Pancreas Intestines Bladder Stimulates urination Promotes erection of genitals Stimulates glucose release Inhibits stomach, pancreas, and intestines Inhibits urination Genitalia Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions LE 28-14a Embryonic Brain Regions Brain Structures Present in Adult Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres; includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia) Forebrain Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland) Midbrain Midbrain (part of brainstem) Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum Hindbrain Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem) • The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the neural tube – Early embryonic divisions of the vertebrate brain develop into different adult structures • Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain – Evolution of complex behavior paralleled increases in forebrain integrative power – During embryonic development, most profound changes occur in the forebrain – The cerebrum, an outgrowth of the forebrain, controls homeostasis and integration LE 28-14b Cerebral hemisphere Midbrain Hindbrain Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Forebrain Embryo (one month old) Fetus (three months old) – Vast network of blood vessels services the CNS – Blood-brain barrier maintains a stable chemical environment for the brain – Ventricles in brain are continuous with central canal of spinal cord • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid • Protected by meninges (layers of connective tissue) – Two distinct areas in CNS • White matter: axons • Gray matter: nerve cell bodies and dendrites LE 28-11b Cerebrospinal fluid Brain Meninges Gray matter White matter Central canal Ventricles Central canal of spinal cord Spinal cord Spinal cord (cross section) Dorsal root ganglion (part of PNS) Spinal nerve (part of PNS) LE 28-15a Cerebral cortex Cerebrum Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Midbrain Hindbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord LE 28-15b Left cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Right cerebral hemisphere Basal ganglia LE 28-16 Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal association area Speech Taste Somatosensory association area Reading Speech Hearing Smell Auditory association area Visual association area Vision Temporal lobe Occipital lobe • The limbic system is involved in emotions, memory, and learning – The limbic system is a group of integrating centers in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus • Amygdala –Lays down emotional memories –Acts as a memory filter • Hippocampus –Involved in formation and recall of memories LE 28-19 Thalamus Cerebrum Hypothalamus Prefrontal cortex Smell Olfactory bulb Amygdala Hippocampus The End
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