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BIOL V04 Lecture: Evolution of Populations - Microevolution (Ch 23) ©copyright 2015 Marta D. de Jesus
I. The important unit in evolution is
A. What is a population?
1.
2.
B. what is a species?
1.
2.
3.
4.
C. Why is a population important?
1. natural selection
a. relative fitness
2. lineages
3. variation in populations
a. genetic variation
1) gene variability
2) nucleotide variability
3) new alleles
4) sexual reproduction
b. nonheritable variation
c. geographic variation
d. cline
D. population genetics
E. Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
F. have since added
II. How can we tell if a population is evolving?
A. gene pool
B. Hardy-Weinberg theorem (1908)
conditions for equilibrium
C. mathematical relationship
1. things to remember:
p=
q=
p+q=
p2 + 2 pq + q2 =
III. How can the gene pool be changed?
A. mutation
B. non-random mating
1. inbreeding
2. assortive mating
3. sexual selection
Note: book states this is a form of natural selection.
This is not agreed upon by all evolutionary biologists!
http://www.evolution-outreach.com/content/6/1/11
C. genetic drift
1. bottleneck effect
2. founder effect
D. gene flow
E. natural selection
modes
a. stabilizing
b. directional
c. diversifying/divergent/disruptive
IV. Preservation of genetic variation in a population
A. diploidy
B. balancing selection
1. heterozygous advantage
2. frequency-dependent selection
Neutral mutation/variation – doesn’t obviously change things
V. Natural selection does not make “perfect” organisms
Some Hardy-Weinberg on-line problem sets (note: there will be at least one on the Final Exam)
http://www.indiana.edu/~l111/handouts/hardy.htm
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/hardy_weinberg_problemset.html
http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/biology198/hardwein.html