Download 10.1 Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat • The explains that all

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10.1 Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
• The ____________________ explains that all matter is made up of tiny particles.
These atoms and molecules are constantly in ___________.
___________energy is energy due to motion.
• The ___________of a substance move differently for different states.
In _________, particles vibrate slightly but do not change position.
In _________, particles vibrate more and move around within a set volume.
In _________, particles vibrate greatly and move around to take all volume available.
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Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
(continued)
• ___________is the average of the kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.
The ___________of particles is what we measure as ___________.
___________is measured using a ___________, ___________and/or ___________scale.
• ___________energy is the total energy of all the particles in a substance.
___________energy = all kinetic energy + all potential energy
___________energy is the energy of movement.
___________energy is the energy of position
= how much the particles vibrate, and
therefore how much space they take up.
• ___________is the amount thermal energy that
transfers from an area of ___________temperature
to an area of ___________temperature.
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Thermal Energy Transfer
• ___________is the transfer of heat by ___________contact.
Heat is transferred from ___________temperature, ___________kinetic energy, of particles to ___________temperature, where particles have
___________kinetic energy.
For example, a cold spoon warms when placed in a cup of hot coffee.
Thermal ___________transfer heat easily, while ___________do not.
• ___________is the transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and gases).
___________is the movement of ___________from hot to cold within a fluid, or the movement of hot liquid to an area of cold liquid.
Because there is a ___________difference, hot fluid (low density) moves to cold.
This is how ___________ ___________ form.
• ___________is the transfer of ___________energy by waves.
What we feel as heat is generally called infrared radiation.
Earth’s ___________thermal energy comes from the ___________, plus
some ___________ ___________decay.
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10.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
• Earth’s ___________is a key factor in allowing life to survive here.
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This narrow band of air has the right ___________and maintains the correct ___________, to allow life to form and survive.
Originally, Earth’s atmosphere was very different and had no ___________.
Scientists think that ___________first came from the breakdown of ___________by sunlight, then later from photosynthesis by plants.
The ___________of the atmosphere ___________with altitude.
The Layers of the Atmosphere
• Earth’s atmosphere is made up of ___________ layers.
The ___________: closest to Earth’s surface, 8 km to 16 km thick
___________density layer because all other layers ___________it.
Almost all ___________vapour in the atmosphere is found here.
• Therefore, this is where most ___________takes place.
• ___________energy and ___________energy from Earth keep air moving
Temperatures range from average of +15ºC at the bottom to –55ºC at the top.
The ___________: the second layer, above the troposphere
10 km to 50 km above Earth, warming from –55ºC as altitude ___________
The air is ___________, ___________, and ___________in the stratosphere.
Strong, steady ___________, planes often fly here to avoid turbulent troposphere.
The ___________layer is found here, which blocks harmful ___________radiation.
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The Layers of the Atmosphere
• The remaining three layers are known as the upper atmosphere.
The ___________: 50 km to 80 km above Earth
Temperatures are as low as –100ºC
This layer is where space debris burns up when it begins to hit particles.
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The ___________: 80 km to 500 km above Earth
Temperatures can reach +1500ºC to +3000ºC
This is where the Northern Lights, ______________________, are found.
• Charged particles in Earth’s magnetic field collide with particles in the thermosphere.
The ___________: 500 km to 700 km above Earth where the atmosphere merges with outer space.
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Radiation and Conduction in the Atmosphere
• Almost all of the ___________energy on Earth comes from the Sun.
Yet, this is only a small fraction of the ___________ ___________that reaches Earth.
Most thermal energy is transferred near the ___________, which receives a more direct source of solar radiation.
___________= amount of solar radiation an area
receives, measured in W/m2
Insolation ___________if there are particles of
matter (dust, smoke) in the way or if the angle
of incidence of the solar radiation is too great.
Solar radiation ___________ ___________heat the atmosphere directly.
Earth’s surface ___________solar radiation, heats up, then
___________the thermal energy into the atmosphere.
• This provides 70 percent of the air’s thermal energy.
Convection currents in the ___________spread the thermal energy around.
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The Radiation Budget and Albedo
• The ___________ ___________is used to explain where all of the solar radiation that reaches Earth actually goes.
If all ______W/m2 of solar radiation that reaches Earth was stored in the atmosphere, it would be far too hot to support life as we know it.
Earth’s radiation budget = _________________– _________________
Of the of the solar radiation that reaches Earth, 15 percent is ___________by clouds back into space, 7 percent is ___________by particles back
into space, 20 percent is ___________by clouds and the atmosphere, and 58 percent reaches Earth’s ___________
• 9 percent of this amount is ___________back out into space by Earth’s surface
• 23 percent drives the water cycle, 7 percent creates wind, and 19 percent is ___________from Earth’s surface.
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The Radiation Budget and Albedo
• ___________refers to the amount of energy reflected by a surface.
___________surfaces (snow, sand) have a ___________albedo and reflect energy.
___________surfaces (soil, water) have a ___________albedo and absorb energy.
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What Is Weather?
• ___________is the conditions in the atmosphere at a
particular place and time.
“___________” describes all aspects of the atmosphere and is closely related to the transfer of thermal energy.
___________ ___________, measured with a ___________, is the amount of pressure the molecules in the atmosphere exert at a particular location and time.
Atmospheric pressure is measured in kilopascals (kPa) = 1 N/m2
• Our bodies equalize pressure = why our ears pop with pressure change
At sea level, atmospheric pressure = 1 kg/cm2,
and as you ___________altitude, the pressure drops.
Warm air is ___________and ___________dense than cool air
and so warm air has a ___________pressure
than cool air.
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What Is Weather? (continued)
• ___________air (air with more water vapour) has ___________pressure than dry air.
When pressure drops moist air is ___________in the area.
___________ ___________= the total amount of
water vapour in the air.
___________ ___________= the temperature where no more
water vapour can be held by air
___________ ___________= the percentage of the air
that is currently holding water vapour
45 percent relative humidity means that the
air is holding 45 percent of the water vapour it
could before reaching its dew point.
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Convection in the Atmosphere
• ___________is the movement of air from ___________pressure to __________ pressure.
An ________ ________is a large body of air with similar temperature and humidity throughout.
Air masses take on the ___________of the weather below.
Air masses can be as large as an entire ___________or even larger.
• ___________pressure systems form when an air mass cools.
This usually occurs over ___________water or land.
Winds blow ___________around the centre of the system.
• ___________pressure systems form when an air mass warms.
This usually occurs over ___________water or land.
Winds blow ___________around the centre of the system.
Lows usually bring wet weather.
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Prevailing Winds
• ___________winds are winds that are typical for a location.
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Winds in British Columbia usually blow in from the ___________.
Precipitation falls as air is forced up the ___________ ___________.
Air gets ___________as it moves inland, continuing to drop precipitation.
Dry air rushes down the far side of the mountains into the ___________.
The Coriolis Effect
• Winds move from ___________pressure to ___________pressure.
In a simple model, air would warm in the ___________and rise.
Cooler air from the ___________would rush in below to fill the empty spot.
The warm air at higher ___________would move north to replace the cooler air.
This occurs at several ___________as we move north.
• As Earth rotates, these winds are “bent” clockwise = ___________ ___________
The equator moves much more quickly than do the poles.
• Wind systems develop.
The ___________ ___________
The ___________ ___________
The ___________ ___________
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Jet Streams, Local Winds, and Fronts
• ________winds occur in areas between ________and ________pressure systems.
The boundaries between the global wind systems have very strong winds.
In the upper ___________, between warm and cool air, are the ___________ _________.
The polar jet stream can move at 185 km/h for thousands of kilometres.
Planes flying east across Canada “___________” the jet stream and avoid it flying west.
• Local winds arise and are influenced by local geography.
In British Columbia, sea breezes blow inland (___________breeze) when the land ___________in the morning and outward (___________breeze) when the land
___________in the evening.
• A ___________is a boundary between two different air masses.
Cold air forces warm air to ___________, so fronts usually bring ___________.
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Extreme Weather
• Air masses often have very ___________amounts of thermal energy.
Extreme weather can arise under certain conditions as this energy is ___________.
___________occur when warm air rises and water ___________ (which releases even more energy), building the ___________even higher.
Static energy can be built up and released as ___________.
Sea breezes in the tropics and energetic cold (and even warm) fronts can cause ___________.
• ___________form when thunderstorms meet fast horizontal winds.
A “___________” of rotating air may form, which sometimes extends all the way to the ground with winds of up to 400 km/h.
• The tropics, with their intense ___________, can often have severe weather.
Large masses of warm, moist air rise quickly and cool air rushes in.
Air rotates ___________in the ___________hemisphere, ___________in the ___________. Hurricanes = tropical cyclones = typhoons
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