Download aim: an overview of european history

AIM: AN OVERVIEW OF
EUROPEAN HISTORY
By: James Lu, Brian Heo, Brian Lui,
Jarek Liang, Ting Li, Barak Zhou,
Vivien Teng , Brandon Ngai
Stone Age
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Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
o Started around 2 million years ago and
lasted up until around 8000 BCE
o The people existed as hunter-gatherers, the
men hunted animals and the women
foraged for edible plants
o They were nomadic peoples and followed
packs of people
o They lived in small bands of people
Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)
o Began with the development of agriculture
o This brought the start of permanent
communities along sources of sources of
water
o Allowed for job specialization because of
food surplus
o The roots of early civilization
One of the first farmsteads that resulted
from the Neolithic Era
Celtic Europe
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Early European civilization that first
appeared in modern day Germany,
Austria, and Czech Republic
Lived after 1000 BCE
Traded with Mediterranean societies
Migrated all over Europe and
merged with indigenous people to
become early Europeans
Lived in patriarchal societies
They were polytheistic; they believed
in over 400 gods and goddesses
Aegean World
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Minoan Crete
o 2000 BCE to 1450 BCE
o Was a civilization that revolved around trade
o Polytheistic religion
Mycenean Greece
o Were originally farmers and shepherds that
spoke in an Indo-European language. Life
changed in around 600 BCE
o Influenced by Minoan culture
o Skilled in trade and developed long distance
trading
o Tough, warlike, and inquisitive
o Traded with powerful nations and took from the
weak
Phoenicians
o Collection of city-states
o Was also a civilization that revolved around
Mediterranean Sea trade
Greece
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Rose in the lands bordering the Aegean Sea
Mountainous land with not much fertile land
Trading civilization
Major cities included Athens(the first democracy) and
Sparta(military state)
Advanced for its time
Very rich culture, influencing civilizations to come
o Philosophy - Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
o Rise of theater - drama and comedies
o Very rich art and architecture
Persian Wars- the city states banded together to fight off the
Persians
Women had limited rights, and lived to stay home and tend
the household
Peloponnesian War- fight between Athens and Sparta that
Early Europe
Rise of Macedonia
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Took advantage of Greece after the Peloponnesian War
Philip II established the Confederacy of Corinth and
attacked the Greek city-states. Managed to take over
due to superior weapons, such as catapults.
When Philip II died in 336 BCE, Alexander took over.
Alexander took over the Persian empire, an
accomplishment that made him known as Alexander the
Great. He died before he had a chance to rule his great
empire.
Hellenistic Synthesis
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323 BCE to 30 BCE
Result of Alexander the Great's
uniting people. Hellenistic Art was
a mix of Greek, Egyptian, and
Persian Art
Alexandria was an important city in
Alexander's Empire, which was
named after Alexander the Great
o Was the center of the empire
o Contained a great library that
held many famous works
Empire was broken up into three
after Alexander's death
The Famous Discus Thrower Sculture
made during the Hellenistic era
Roman Empire
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The Republic lasted from 507 BCE to 31 BCE
o The Senate held the real power
o Only men could vote. Women had no power
o Class struggle between plebeians, common folk and elite. Plebeians
protested and won more rights
Rome gained power through its strong military, and conquering nearby lands
Gaius Julius Caesar was Rome's most brilliant general. He did not oppress
the people he conquered, and was popular among them.
Caesar formed the first triumvirate with Marcus Licinius and Gnaeus
Pompeius Magnus. Caesar rises out of the three and becomes emperor
Pax Romana- period of Roman peace. Widespread trade among Roman
empire. However, this weakened the Roman army
Many technological advances such as aqueducts
Upper class lived very well. Lower class' standard of living was lower: in the
cities, they lived in slums and in the countryside, they had to deal with bullying
soldiers and tax collectors.
The emperors that came after him were largely ineffective and their rules led
to the steady decline of the Roman Empire.
Christianity
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Romans oppressed the Jewish people because they
didn't believe in the Roman gods and goddesses
Jesus became popular as he spread Christianity
He was killed because he preached of someone more
powerful than the Roman emperor.
Jesus disciples, such as Paul, spread Jesus's
teachings
Many Roman emperors rejected Christianity and
persecuted followers until Constantine converted to
Christianity and made it the national religion.
Roman Empire
Trade between East and
West
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The Silk Road was extremely important for trade
between the Asian world and the East with the Roman
Empire
o Increased usage due to a sudden craze for Chinese
products, more specifically silk
o Christianity, religion, and culture was spread from
the Roman Empire to the Asian world
o Alexander the Great's conquering of Central Asia
was important for the start of the Silk Road
Silk Trade was one of the factors that led to the downfall
of the Roman Empires
o Senate tried to ban the importation of silk
Fall of Roman Empire
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Third-Century Crisis- frequent change in rulers, civil wars,
barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near destruction
of long-distance commerce and the monetary economy.
Weak army due to Pax Romana.
Diocletian made fundamental changes to restore order to the
Roman Empire.
o Set maximum prices for various goods and services. Tried to
increase quality of these goods and services.
o Split Roman Empire into the West and the East.
Constantine took over after Diocletian.
o Moved capital from Rome to Byzantium.
The Western Roman Empire fell to Germanic people. It entered the
Dark Age.
The Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist for some time.
However, it never regained the power it used to have.
Life in Europe
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Western Europe
o Fell to Germanic tribes. Roman Empire disintegrated.
o Feudal (manorial) system rose.
 Kings gave land to the lords, who swore allegiance to the king.
 These lords granted fiefs, or pledge to provide military service, to
knights, who vowed to protect him from danger.
 The knights had self-sufficient farming estates known as
manors.The peasants, known as serfs, worked on these manors.
They could not leave and were treated like slaves.
o Roman Catholic Church developed many problems, such as simony
(selling ecclesiastical appointments) and indulgences (buying
forgiveness of sin)
Population growth occurred from 1086- 1200.
o Three-field system
o Use of horses to till soil.
England united by Duke of Normandy.
Reconquista and Crusades
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Reconquista
o Occurred in Spain.
o Fight to reclaim land from the
Muslims.
Crusades
o 1095 CE - 1291 CE
o First Crusade was initiated by Pope
Urban because he wanted to take
back the Holy Land, which was
Jerusalem. Called all Christians to
fight against the Muslims that
controlled the region.
o Gave idle knights a cause and
stopped their fighting among
themselves.
o After the Crusades, there were
increased trade between Western
Changes in Religion
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East-West Schism- split of the Catholic Church in 1054. East became
known as Eastern Orthodox Church. West became known as Roman
Catholic Church. Occurred because of differences in language, ideals, and
value of the role religious leader as compared with the political leader.
Western Schism
o Weakened the power of the church when two men both claimed to be
the pope, splitting the Catholic Church, and was a long term cause of
the Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation
o Martin Luther was angered by the decline of the Roman Catholic
Church. They sold indulgences.
o Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-five Theses in 1517
o Other religions started to sprout from Protestant Christianity, such as
Lutheran, and Anglican Christianity
The Protestant Reformation and
the Counter Reformation
• The new ways of thinking found in the
Renaissance were also applied to
theology and religion.
• After the Protestant Reformation, the
Roman Catholic Church implemented
the Counter Reformation, where
Catholic ideologies were clarified.
• The creation of the religious order of
the Jesuits helped to stem Protestant
converts.
East-West Schism
Largest Cities in Europe:
1450-1750
Colonization
There were many factors that led to the migration of Europeans to the New
World. These factors can be categorized in two ways:
Push Factors:
o Push factors were negative. This included religious persecution,
poverty, and natural disasters such as crop failure and drought. In
Europe, poverty and the lack of religious freedom were the major ones.
Pull Factors:
o Pull factors usually represented the opposite. The New World offered
more land and better economic opportunities. People also sought
religious freedom, as the Catholic Church at the time possessed a
great power over the people.
During this time period, the Spanish first took over parts of South America.
England settled in what is now the U.S. and France settled further in the north.
In South America, gold and silver was mined or salvaged from people before
taken back to Europe. Some colonies also grew cash crops. In the north, soil
was not as fertile, so England and France did not economize as much as the
Spanish.
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Columbian Exchange
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Culture, crops, animals, disease and people transferred between the Eastern and Western
hemispheres. As a result, diets and populations around the world changed significantly.
Cash crops were grown in the New World using coerced labor.
The increased diversity of food in Europe benefited Europeans physically.
Religions were spread around the world.
The Portuguese established a global trading-post empire after researching navigation and
trading with West Africa.
Oceania and Polynesia were not affected much because of the lack of communication with
Europe.
Renaissance
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From the 14th to 17th century, the Renaissance had a
significant effect on Europe. During this time, the arts,
literature, science, and politics flourished.
Many ancient manuscripts dealing with philosophy,
mathematics and physics, such as the works of Aristotle and
the mathematician Pythagoras, were unearthed.
Art, mathematics and science not only develop but also
merge together. Artists such as Da Vinci incorporate
Renaissance ideas into masterpieces, to reflect the new form
of thinking.
Humanism developed during this time; reasoning and use of
evidence is introduced (also seen later during the
Enlightenment). Humanism would affect the way people
viewed the Catholic Church, eventually leading to the
Reformation.
The Scientific Revolution and the
Enlightenment Era
• During the Scientific Revolution,
scientists challenged the ancient way of
viewing the world that had been learned
from the ancient manuscripts
rediscovered during Renaissance times.
• The works of Copernicus, Galileo, and
other scientists eventually created the
scientific method and laid the
groundwork for modern science.
• ¨Scientific work and religious teachings
often clashed, since scientific results
disagreed with the Bible.
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The Scientific Revolution paved the way
to the beginnings of the Enlightenment
era.
The Enlightenment came about as a
result of advances in scientific thought
combined with the observation that the
majority of people lived in deplorable
conditions because society was badly
structured and governed.
The Enlightenment grew out of the
criticism and protests against the status
quo and how people behaved.
Philosophers like Voltaire, Montesquieu,
Locke, and Hobbes introduced new ways
of thinking about government, even if
their ideas were not always prodemocratic.
Industrial Revolution
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The Enclosure Movement occurred when landowners closed off their lands and
farmers lost their jobs. As a result, many farmers moved to the city in search of jobs.
This rapid urbanization created a new middle class since factory owners gave
newcomers jobs.
Conditions were often dirty and unsafe which led to diseases.
As a result of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe, the countries in the
continent rapidly modernized.
Education opportunities opened up for everyone as a result of a need for skilled
workers.
A new middle class rose to power comprising of skilled workers, factory owners, and
businessmen.
French Revolution
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The French Revolution was a conflict between France's three estates.
The upper classes(First and second estates) usually voted against the third estate(the poor), and so none
of their reforms would ever get passed.
Droughts destroyed the harvest and along with the country's war debt, France was in a terrible economic
state.
King Louis XIV called a meeting between the three estates known as the Estates General. However, he
decided to lock out the third estate.
In response, the third estate declared themselves the National Assembly and adopted the Declaration of
the Rights of Man based on Enlightenment ideals.
In 1791, the National Assembly ratified a new constitution that was similar to that of the United States. The
new constitution called for a constitutional monarchy.
Austrians and Prussians invaded France in an effort to restore the monarchies but were held back by
revolutionaries.
A new constitution was then written by the Jacobins which abolished the monarchy and created a republic.
These radical Jacobins later imprisoned the royal family and beheaded the king for treason.
The constitution became scrapped and the Committee of Public Safety was formed under Maximilien
Robespierre.
Rule under the Committee was known as the Reign of Terror since they killed anybody who stood in their
way.
Eventually France had enough and beheaded Robespierre and wrote a new constitution which established
a five man government known as the Directory.
Napoleon Bonaparte eventually took over in a military coup and declared himself leader of the French
people.
Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon rose to power after a coup
against the French directory.
He initiated reforms in agriculture,
infrastructure, and public education.
He also normalized relations with the
church and restored a degree of
tolerance and stability.
His Napoleonic Codes recognized the
equality of French citizens and
embodied some Enlightenment ideas.
Napoleon was able to make France a
military power by fending off invaders
and making France aggressive.
Napoleon conquered Austria, Prussia,
Spain, Portugal, and other kingdoms
within Italy.
European Imperialism
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By the early 18th century, the Mughal Empire was in decline following decades of war and
religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus.
The British East India Company took advantage of the weakening Mughals and set up
administrative regions throughout the empire.
The British East India Company was a joint-stock company that operated like a multinational
corporation with exclusive rights over British trade with India.
British Parliament took control of India from the company after the Sepoy Rebellion and made all
of India a crown colony.
Nearly 300 million Indians became British subjects and Queen Victoria was recognized as
Empress of India.
Europeans also imperialised in China by getting the Chinese addicted to opium so they could get
Chinese goods in return for their opium.
This led to the Opium Wars which caused a lot of conflict with China.
European powers were trying to establish a greater presence in China by establishing spheres of
influence within parts of China.
Commodore Perry arrived in Japan in a steamboat which led the Japanese to modernization
since they realized they were behind the world.
This led to the Meiji REstoration which was an era of Japanese westernization.
Italy and Germany
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In the mid 19th century, Italy was a tangle of foreign-controlled small kingdoms. Austria
controlled Venetia, Lombardy, and Tuscany in the North France controlled Rome and the Papal
States in the middle. Spain controlled the Kingdoms of Two Sicilies in the south. Sardinia was
controlled by Italians.
When the king of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II named Cavour (Brains of Italy) his prime minister,
nationalism took off in the country.
Garibaldi (sword of Italy) raised a volunteer army and in 1860 drove the Spanish from the
Kingdom of Two Sicilies.
Mazzini (Soul of Italy) often caused uprisings and rebellion and also encouraged others to do the
same.
Italians managed to gain control of Venetia after siding with Prussia and this caused the French
to withdraw. Italy was now unified as a result of nationalism.
Bismarck was prime minister in Germany and pushed unification of Germany through his policies
of blood and iron.
Bismarck provoked war with Austria and quickly defeated them in 7 weeks.
Bismarck used realpolitik to unite southern German provinces. He forged a note from the French
ambassador to the Prussian king implying insult.
This led to a war between Prussia and France with the Prussian victory.
Prussia then declared itself part of Germany, and Germany was now unified.
World War I
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Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
on July 28, 1914
Complicated alliance systems mobilize
entire Europe into war
Trench Warfare: Soldiers fight in dug-in
positions and attack each other with
machine guns and artillery.
1917, United States joins the Allies and
breaks the stalemate.
War ends with Armistice signed on Nov.
11, 1918
Treaty of Versailles heavily punishes
Germany
Interwar Period
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Nations that fought in the war were left
economically crippled, esp. Germany.
Economic depression throughout Europe
as countries find themselves deeper in
debt.
League of Nations fails to serve its
purpose.
People look upon totalitarian governments
for stability.
Communism took control in Soviet Union
and Fascism rose in Italy, Germany, and
Spain.
World War II
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Adolf Hitler of Germany invades Poland, WW2 begins.
German Blitzkrieg strategy quickly defeats most of Allies.
Germany's ambitious invasion of the Soviet Union turns out to be a
massive failure, leaving Germany heavily weakened.
US joins the war as Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
Millions of Jews die in the Holocaust
Allies wins the war in Europe as US, Britain, and USSR defeats
Germany and Italy.
United States defeats Japan in the Pacific front using Island Hopping
and two Atomic Bombs.
United States and Soviet Union emerge as Super Powers.
Cold War
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Communism spreads in Eastern
Europe.
US forms NATO alliance with
Western Europe and aids them in
economic recovery through
Marshall Plan.
USSR forms the Warsaw Pact in
response to NATO.
An iron curtain falls in Europe,
dividing it into West and East.
US aids East Berlin by dropping
supplies in the Berlin Airlift
Post Cold War
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Eastern Europe liberated from Communist control.
Warsaw Pact disintegrates after fall of Soviet Union.
Berlin Wall falls.
Nationalism arises in Eastern Europe, new nations
form.
European Union forms.
YOLO WE OUT.
Works Cited
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