Download Abductor Digiti Minimi

Antterior
Abductor
Digiti Minimi
1. Abducts 5th digit (requires Functional Application
pisiform stabilised by FCU)
Spreads apart the 5th finger
2. Assists to flex 5th digit (at from the 4th.
MCP)
3. May assist in extension of 5th
Origin
digit (at IP due to slips to extenPisiform & tendon of flexor carpi sor digitorum)
ulnaris
Innervation
Insertion
Ulnar nerve - deep branch
Medial aspect of base of proxi- (C8,T1)
mal phalanx of 5th digit; may Description
send slip to ulnar side of dorsal Small narrow muscle at the meexpansion
dial edge of the palm.
Action
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Posterior
Abductor
Hallucis
Origin
Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity; flexor retinaculum;
plantar aponeurosis; medial
intermuscular septum
Insertion
1. Flexes the big toe (primary
action)
2. May assist to abduct the big
toe
Innervation
Medial plantar nerve (L5, S1)
Description
Thin small muscle in the posterior aspect of the foot running to
the big toe
Functional Application
Medial aspect of base of proxi- Flexes the big toe.
mal phalanx of hallux (big toe)
Action
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Antterior
Adductor
Pollicis
at MCP
Origin
Innervation
Transverse Head: 3rd metacarpal
Oblique Head: base of 1st-3rd
meatacarpals; floor of carpal
tunnel
Insertion
Action
ger.
1. Adducts thumb
2. May assist to flex thumb (at
MCP joint)
Ulnar nerve - deep branch
(C8,T1)
Description
Triangular muscle in the palm
forming bulk in the thenar eminence.
Medial aspect of base of proxi- Functional Application
mal phalanx; medial sesamoid Brings thumb towards index fin-
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Antterior
Abductor
Pollicis Brevis
Action
1.Abducts thumb (at MCP joint)
2. Assists to flex thumb (at MCP
joint)
Origin
3. If attached to extensor pollicis
1. Distal border of flexor reti- longus may assist to extend
naculum
thumb
2. Trapezium
Innervation
Insertion
Median nerve - recurrent branch
Lateral aspect of base of proxi- (C8,T1)
mal phalanx of thumb; +/- slip Description
to tendon of extensor pollicis lon- Small muscle in the palm formgus
ing bulk in the thenar eminence.
Functional Application
Abducts the thumb.
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Anterior
Adductor
Brevis
Origin
Posterior
Obturator nerve (L2,3,4)
Description
One of the hip adductor group,
lying medially in thethigh.
Functional Application
Powerfully pulls the thigh toward
Body & inferior ramus of pubis the other one, as well as lifting
Insertion
it upward.
Superior portion of linea aspera
Action
1. Adducts hip
2. Assists to flex hip
3. May externally rotate hip
Innervation
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Anterior
Anterior
Scalene
Bilaterally: cervical flexion
Unilaterally: lateral flexion to
same side, rotation to opposite
side
Origin
Cervical nerves (4th), 5th, 6th
Insertion
Functional Application
Innervation
Anterior tubercles of transverse Description
processes of 3rd to 6th cervical Deep muscle on the anterolateral aspect of the neck.
vertebrae.
1st rib - scalene tubercle and Primarily responsible for flexion
and rotation of the neck. Also elcranial crest
evates the 1st rib, assisting in
Action
inspiration, when neck is fixed.
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Anterior
Biceps Brachii
2. Supinates forearm from neu- Functional Application
tral
A major flexor of the elbow.
3. Stabilises anterior aspect of
Origin
shoulder
Long Head: supraglenoid tuber- 4. Flexes shoulder - weakly or
cle & glenohumeral labrum
not at all
Short Head: tip of the coracoid Innervation
process of the scapula
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6)
Insertion
Description
Radial tuberosity, bicipital Main anterior upper arm muscle,
aponeurosis
arising from 2 heads - one from
Action
the humerus & one from the
1. Flexes the forearm at the el- scapula.
bow (when supinated)
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Anterior
Coracobrachialis Description
Thin muscle at the front of the
shoulder.
Origin
Functional Application
Coracoid process of the scapula Shoulder flexor
Insertion
Medial shaft of the humerus, at
about its middle
Action
1. Flexes the humerus
2. Assists to adduct the humerus
Innervation
Musculocutaneous
(C5,6,+/-7)
nerve
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Anterior
Posterior
Deltoid
Action
1. Anterior portion: flexes & internally rotates the arm
Origin
2. Middle portion: abducts the
Anterior portion: anterior border arm
of the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle 3. Posterior portion: extends &
Middle portion: lateral border of externally rotates the arm
the acromion process of the Innervation
scapula
Axillary nerve (C5,6)
Posterior portion: scapular spine Description
Insertion
Cuff-like muscle providing the
Deltoid tuberosity, on the lateral main bulk of the shoulder mussurface of the shaft of the hu- culature.
merus
Functional Application
Powerful shoulder muscle involved in elevation of the arm in
different directions.
.
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Anterior
Diaphragm
Origin
Sternal Portion: inner xiphoid
process
Costal Portion: inner surface of
the lower 6 ribs
Lumbar Portion: upper 2 or 3
lumbar vertebrae via 2 crura
Insertion
Central tendon of the diaphragm
Action
Draws the central tendon down,
Lateral
increasing the thoracic cavity Functional Application creasing the pressure of the abvolume
The principal muscle of respira- dominal cavity.
Innervation
tion. During inspiration it conPhrenic nerve (C3,4,5 - motor & tracts, pulling the dome down
central sensory)
and so decreasing pressure in
Intercostal nerves (peripheral the thoracic cavity, and also inportion sensation)
creasing the pressure of the abdominal cavity.
Description
Dome-shaped muscle, with a During expiration the Diaphragm
Central Tendon, that separates relaxes and the dome
the thoracic and abdominal cavi- ascends,decreasing the volume
and increasing the pressure of
ties.
the thoracic cavity, while increasing the volume and de-
Posterior
Dorsal
Interossei
Innervation
Origin
Description
Between each metacarpal
Insertion
2. Flexes the fingers (at the MCP
while IP joints are extended)
Ulnar nerve - deep branch
(C8,T1)
Small muscles in the back of the
hand.
Directly distal to the origin on the Functional Application
base of the proximal phalanx Spreads the fingers apart.
closest to the midline); extensor
hood of the same digit/s
Action
1. Abducts the fingers
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Posterior
Dorsal
Interossei
Innervation
Origin
Description
Between each metacarpal
Insertion
2. Flexes the fingers (at the MCP
while IP joints are extended)
Ulnar nerve - deep branch
(C8,T1)
Small muscles in the back of the
hand.
Directly distal to the origin on the Functional Application
base of the proximal phalanx Spreads the fingers apart.
closest to the midline); extensor
hood of the same digit/s
Action
1. Abducts the fingers
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Anterior
Dorsal
Interossei
(foot)
Action
Origin
Description
1. Adducts toes 2-4 (at MTP
joints)
2. Flexes toes 2-4 (at MTP
joints)
Innervation
Lateral plantar nerve (L5,S1)
From both metatarsals between Small muscle in the lateral anwhich they lie
terior aspect of the foot attachInsertion
ing to the 3rd-5th toe.
Base of proximal phalanx clos- Functional Appslication
est to the axis of the foot (2nd Intrinsic postural support .
ray)
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Posterior
Extensor
Carpi Radialis
Brevis
Action
Origin
Description
Lateral epicondyle via the common extensor tendon; radial collateral ligament; antebrachial
fascia
Insertion
Base of 3rd metacarpal
1. Extends the hand at the wrist
2. Radially deviates the hand at
the wrist
Innervation
Radial nerve - deep branch
(C6,7)
Strap-like muscle on the posterolateral aspect of the forearm,
with a long tendon to the hand.
Functional Application
Extends the wrist & bends it
sideways, laterally.
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Posterior
Extensor
Carpi Radialis
Longus
Action
Origin
Innervation
Lower lateral supracondylar
ridge of humerus (below
brachioradialis); lateral intermuscular septum of humerus
Insertion
Base of 2nd metacarpal
Functional Application
1. Extends the hand at the wrist Major wrist extensor, & bends
2. Radially deviates the hand at the wrist sideways laterally.
the wrist
3. Weakly flexes the forearm at
the elbow
4. Weakly supinates the forearm
Radial nerve (C5,6)
Description
Strap-like muscle on the posterolateral aspect of the forearm,
with a long tendon to the hand.
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Posterior
Extensor
Carpi Ulnaris
Action
Origin
Radial nerve - posterior interosseous (C6,7,8)
1. 1st Head: Lateral epicondyle
via the common extensor tendon
2. 2nd Head: posterior body of
ulna
3. antebrachial fascia
Insertion
sideways, medially.
1. Extends the hand at the wrist
2. Ulnarly deviates the hand at
the wrist
Innervation
Description
Thin, strap-like muscle on the
posterior aspect of the forearm,
with a long tendon to the medial
side of the hand.
Base of 5th metacarpal (medial Functional Application
side)
Extends the wrist, and bends it
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Posterior
Extensor
Digitorum
Action
Functional Application
Origin
1. Extends the 4 medial digits Extends the wrist & fingers.
2. Extends the wrist (if fingers
flexed)
3. abducts the digits (spreads
them as it extends them)
Insertion
Description
Lateral epicondyle via the com- Innervation
mon extensor tendon; antebra- Radial nerve - posterior interoschial fascia
seous (C6,7,8)
Base of middle phalanx of each Strap-like muscle on the posteof the 4 fingers (central band); rolateral aspect of the forearm,
base of distal phalanx of each with long tendons to the fingers.
of the 4 fingers (2 lateral bands)
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Lateral
Extensor
Digitorum
Brevis
Extends 2nd-4th toes
Origin
Functional Appslication
Innervation
Deep Peroneal nerve (L4,5)
Description
Small muscle in the medial anterior aspect of the foot attaching to the 3rd-5th toe.
Upper anterolateral calcaneus; Intrinsic postural support .
inferior extensor retinaculum
Insertion
Middle & distal phalanges of
2nd-4th rays (via EDL)
Action
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Lateral
Anterior
Extensor
Digitorum
Longus
5th rays (toes) (via 4 tendons &
a fibrous expansion)
Origin
Deep peroneal nerve (L4,5,S1)
Action
1. Extends the lateral 4 toes
2.Weakly dorsiflexes & everts
foot
Innervation
Upper anterior surface of fibula; Description
interosseous membrane, crural Long thin muscle which lies befascia; lateral condyle of tibia hind Tibialis Anterior, on the latInsertion
eral border of the tibia.
Dorsal surface of bases of mid- Functional Application
dle & distal phalanxes of 2nd- Extends the 4 lateral toes.
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Posterior
Extensor Digiti
Minimi
Origin
Lateral epicondyle via the common extensor tendon; antebrachial fascia; ulnar aspect of extensor digitorum
ger (2 lateral bands)
Action
1. Extends the 5th digit
2. Abducts the 5th digit
Innervation
Radial nerve - posterior interosseous (C6,7,8)
Description
Thin, strap-like muscle on the
posterior aspect of the forearm,
Insertion
with a long tendon to the 5th finBase of middle phalanx of the ger.
5th finger (central band); base Functional Application
of distal phalanx of the 5th fin- Extends the 5th finger.
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Extensor
Hallucis Brevis
Deep Peroneal nerve (L4,5)
Origin
Functional Appslication
Description
Small muscle in the medial anterior aspect of the foot attaching to the 3rd-5th toe.
Upper anterolateral calcaneus; Intrinsic postural support .
inferior extensor retinaculum
Insertion
Base of proximal phalanx of hallux
Action
Extends big toe
Innervation
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Anterior
Extensor
Hallucis
Longus
Action
Origin
Description
1. Extends the distal phalanx of
big toe
2.Weakly dorsiflexes foot
3.Weakly inverts & adducts foot
Innervation
Deep peroneal nerve (L4,5,S1)
Medial aspect of fibula; interos- Long thin muscle which lies unseous membrane, crural fascia der Tibialis Anterior, on the latInsertion
eral border of the tibia.
Dorsal surface of base of proxi- Functional Application
mal & distal phalanx of hallux Externsor of the big toe.
(big toe)
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Posterior
Extensor
Indicis
Action
rior aspect of the forearm attaching to the index finger.
1.Extends 2nd digit (MCP & IP Functional Application
joints)
Extends the index finger.
2. Adducts 2nd digit
Origin
3. Assists to extend the hand at
1. Posterior surface of ulna the wrist
(distal to extensor pollicis lon- 4. Stabilises MCP joint for flexion
gus)
of IP solely
2. Interosseous membrane
Innervation
3. Antebrachial fascia
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Radial nerve - posterior interoswww.torson.com.au
Insertion
seous (C6,7,8)
Base of middle & distal phalanx Description
of index (2nd) finger
Thin small muscle in the poste-
Posterior
Extensor
Indicis
Action
rior aspect of the forearm attaching to the index finger.
1.Extends 2nd digit (MCP & IP Functional Application
joints)
Extends the index finger.
2. Adducts 2nd digit
Origin
3. Assists to extend the hand at
1. Posterior surface of ulna the wrist
(distal to extensor pollicis lon- 4. Stabilises MCP joint for flexion
gus)
of IP solely
2. Interosseous membrane
Innervation
3. Antebrachial fascia
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Radial nerve - posterior interoswww.torson.com.au
Insertion
seous (C6,7,8)
Base of middle & distal phalanx Description
of index (2nd) finger
Thin small muscle in the poste-
Anterior
Posterior
External
Intercostals
Action
Origin
Innervation
1. Elevates the ribs in inspiration
2. May depress the ribs in forced
expiration
Inferior border of an upper rib Intercostal nerves
(hint: runs like hands in your Description
pockets)
Wide, short & flat muscles that
Insertion
lie between the ribs - overlie the
Superior border of a rib below internal intercostals (fibres run
(each muscle fibre runs obliquely obliquely to them).
& inserts toward the costal car- Functional Application
tilage
Muscles for breathing
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Anterior
External
Oblique
Posterior
1.Rotates trunk to side opposite
of contraction
2. Laterally flexes trunk to same
side of contraction
Bilateral:
3. Flexes the trunk
Origin
Lower borders of the lower 8 ribs 4. Compresses the abdomen
(runs like hands in your pocket) Innervation
Intercostal nerves (7th-12th)
Insertion
Outer lip of the iliac crest; in- Iliohypogastric nerves (T12,L1)
guinal ligament; anterior layer of Ilioinguinal nerves (T12,L1)
Description
the rectus sheath
Flat sheet-like muscle, which
Action
interdigitates with the anterior
Unilateral:
Lateral
and lateral aspects of the ribs. It
attaches to the aponeurosis
anteriorly, and to the dorsal fascia posteriorly. The muscle is
laterally placed in the trunk.
Functional Application
Due to its attachments anteriorly
and posteriorly, the External
Oblique has a strong trunk stabilising role. It is also a powerful trunk lateral flexor and rotator.
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Posterior
Extensor
Pollicis Brevis
Action
Origin
Innervation
1. Posterior surface of radius
(below abductor pollicis longus)
2. Interosseous membrane
3. Antebrachial fascia
1. Extends the proximal phalanx
& 1st metacarpal of the thumb
2. Radially deviates the hand at
the wrist
Radial nerve - posterior interosseous (C6,7+/-8))
Description
Thin small muscle in the posterior aspect of the forearm atBase of proximal phalanx of taching to the thumb.
thumb
Functional Application
Insertion
Extends the thumb.
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Posterior
Extensor
Pollicis Longus
Origin
1. Posterior surface of ulna
2. Interosseous membrane
3. Antebrachial fascia
Insertion
Distal phalanx of thumb
Action
thumb
2.Extends distal phalanx of
thumb
3. Assists to extend the hand at
the wrist (if fingers flexed)
Innervation
Radial nerve - posterior interosseous (C6,7,8)
Description
Thin small muscle in the posterior aspect of the forearm attaching to the thumb.
Functional Application
1.Extends distal phalanx of Extends the thumb.
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Anterior
Flexor Carpi
Radialis
Action
Origin
Median nerve (C6,7)
1. Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor
tendon
2. Antebrachial Fascia
Insertion
1. Flexes the wrist
2. Radially deviates the wrist
3. May assist to pronate forearm
Innervation
Description
Thin strap-like muscle on the anterior aspect of the forearm, with
a long tendon at the wrist.
Functional Application
Base of the 2nd +/- 3rd Wrist flexor
metacarpals
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Anterior
Posterior
Flexor Carpi
Ulnaris
Pisiform & hamate bones (via
the pisohamate ligament); base
of the 5th metacarpal (via the
pisometacarpal ligament)
Origin
Action
Humeral Head: medial epicondyle of the humerus via the
common flexor tendon
Ulnar Head: medial aspect of
olecranon; proximal 3/5 of dorsal ulnar shaft; antebrachial fascia
Insertion
1. Flexes the hand at the wrist
2. Ulnarly deviates the wrist
3. Stabilises wrist to permit powerful thumb motion
Innervation
Ulnar nerve (C8,T1)
Description
Thin strap-like muscle on the
medial aspect of the forearm,
with a long tendon at the wrist.
Functional Application
Wrist flexor and ular deviator
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Posterior
Flexor
Digitorum
Brevis
nel for FDL)
Action
Flexes toes 2-5
Innervation
Medial plantar nerve (L5, S1)
Description
Small muscles in the posterior
aspect of the foot running to the
Medial process of calcaneal tu- middle 3 toes.
berosity; plantar aponeurosis; Functional Application
Insertion
Flexes the middle 3 toes.
Both sides of the bases of middle phalanx of rays 2-5 (each of
the 4 tendons splits forming tun-
Origin
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Posterior
Anterior
Flexor
Digitorum
Longus
Action
Origin
weak, there is a tendency toward
1. Primarily flexes 2nd-5th toes hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joints and
2. Weakly plantarflexes foot
3. Weakly adducts & inverts foot hyperpronation of the foot.
Innervation
Tibial nerve (L5,S1)
Description
Long thin muscle which lies unPosterior surface of tibia; crural der the calf (Gastrocnemius &
fascia
Soleus) muscles, on the medial
Insertion
side.
Plantar surface of bases of 2- Functional Application
5th distal phalanges of the toes Important in maintaining stability in the foot and toes. If it is
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Antterior
Flexor Digiti
Minimi Brevis
Description
Origin
Functional Application
Ulnar nerve - deep branch
(C8,T1)
Small narrow muscle at the medial edge of the palm.
Distal border of flexor retinacu- Bends the 5th finger towards the
lum; hook of hamate
palm - important in gripping.
Insertion
Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Action
Flexes 5th digit (at MCP)
Innervation
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Anterior
Posterior
Flexor
Digitorum
Profundus
Action
Origin
arm, with a tendon at the wrist,
1. Flexes the distal IP joints, & branching to each finger.
thus the proximal & middle IP
Functional Application
joints
2. Flexes the wrist if fingers are Finger flexor
extended
Innervation
Medial portion: ulnar nerve
Anterior & medial surface of (C8,T1)
proximal 3/4 ulna; adjacent in- Lateral portion: interosseous
terosseous membrane
branch of median nerve (C8,T1)
Insertion
Description
Distal phalanx of the 4 fingers Deep muscle on the
(through FDS tunnel)
anteromedial aspect of the fore-
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Anterior
Flexor
Digitorum
Superficialis
Radial Head: oblique line of ra- the forearm, with a tendon at the
dius along its anterior surface wrist, branching to each finger.
Insertion
Functional Application
Both sides of the base of each Wrist and finger flexor
middle phalanx of the 4 fingers
Action
1. Flexes the proximal & middle
phalanges
Humeral-Ulnar Head: medial 2. Flexes the wrist if fingers are
epicondyle of the humerus via extended
the common flexor tendon; me- Innervation
dial border of base of coronoid Median nerve (C7,8,T1)
process of ulna; medial collateral Description
ligament; antebrachial fascia
Muscle on the anterior aspect of
Origin
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Posterior
Flexor Hallucis
Brevis
Origin
Action
Flexes big toe (at MTP joint)
Innervation
Medial plantar nerve (L5,S1)
Description
Small muscle in the posterior asMedial aspect of the cuboid; lat- pect of the foot attaching to the
eral cuneiform
big toe.
Insertion
Functional Application
Medial aspect of base of proxi- Intrinsic postural support .
mal phalanx of hallux (with Abd
Hallucis); lateral aspect of base
of proximal phalanx of hallux
(with Add Hallucis)
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Posterior
Anterior
Flexor Hallucis
Longus
Action
Origin
Posterior distal 2/3 of fibula; interosseous membrane, crural
fascia & posterior intermuscular
septum
Insertion
weak, there is a tendency toward
hyperextension of the inter1. Flexes big toe
phalangeal joint and hammer
2. Weakly plantarflexes foot
deformity,
and
3. Weakly adducts & inverts foot toe
hyperpronation of the foot.
Innervation
Tibial nerve (L5,S1,2)
Description
Long thin muscle which lies under the calf (Gastrocnemius &
Soleus) muscles, on the lateral
side.
Plantar surface of distal phalanx Functional Application
of hallux (big toe)
Important in maintaining stability in the foot and toes. If it is
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Antterior
Flexor Pollicis
Brevis
bone at MCP joint
Action
Flexes thumb (at MCP joint)
Innervation
Superficial Head: Median nerve
- recurrent branch (C8,T1)
Superficial Head: Distal border Deep Head: Ulnar nerve - deep
of flexor retinaculum; trapezium branch (C8,T1)
Deep Head: floor of carpal tun- Description
nel; indirectly to scaphoid & tra- Small deep muscle in the palm
pezium
forming bulk in the thenar emi-
Origin
Insertion
nence.
Base of proximal phalanx of Functional Application
thumb; +/- to lateral sesamoid Powerful flexor of the thumb.
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Anterior
Flexor Pollicis
Longus
retinaculum)
Action
ing onto the thumb.
Functional Application
1. Flexes the distal phalanx of Thumb flexor
the thumb (IP joint)
2. Flexes the other joints to the
Origin
wrist (MCP, CMC, & weakly at
Middle anterior surface of radius; the wrist)
interosseous membrane; may Innervation
also originate from lateral bor- Anterior interosseous branch of
der of coronoid process or me- median nerve (C8,T1)
dial epicondyle
Description
Insertion
Strap-like muscle on the antePalmar aspect of base of distal rolateral aspect of the forearm,
phalanx of thumb (deep to flexor with a tendon at the wrist, insert-
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Anterior
Gastrocnemius
Origin
Medial Head: just above medial
condyle of femur
Lateral Head: just above lateral
condyle
Lateral
2. Flexes knee ( when not weight
bearing)
3. Stabilises ankle & knee (when
standing)
Innervation
Tibial nerve (S1,2)
Description
Thick, large bipennate shaped
muscle forming the main bulk of
Calcaneus via lateral portion of the calf. It lies most superficially,
calcaneal (‘Achilles’) tendon (the over the soleus.
tendon twists laterally)
Functional Application
ing.
When used repetitively it can
become very tight (especially the
medial head) & can tear with a
loud ‘crack’ - commonly but mistakenly, known as a ‘monkey
muscle’ tear.
Insertion
Action
1. Plantarflexes ankle
Powerful push-off action in walking, running, leaping and jump-
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Posterior
Lateral
Gluteus
Maximus
Action
1. Extends the hip
2. Externally rotates
3.Upper fibres aid to abduct
thigh
Origin
4. Stabilises a fully extended
Outer rim of ilium (medial as- knee (via IT band)
pect); dorsal surface of sacrum Innervation
& coccyx; sacrotuberous liga- Inferior Gluteal nerve (L5,S1,2)
ment
Description
Insertion
A large thick muscle forming the
Iliotibial (IT) band (primary inser- main bulk of the buttock. It attion); gluteal tuberosity of femur taches to the IT band, which is
a thick fibrous band on the out-
side of the thigh, inserting onto
the knee.
Functional Application
Powerful hip extensor - it provides the main thrust in walking.
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Posterior
Lateral
Gluteus
Medius
Action
Insertion
Description
Functional Application
1. Anterior & lateral fibres abduct Important in maintaining pelvic
& internally rotate the thigh
stability in weight-bearing.
2. Posterior fibres may externally
rotate thigh
Origin
3. Stabilises pelvis & prevents
Outer aspect of ilium (between free limb from sagging during
iliac crest & anterior & posterior gait
gluteal lines); upper fascia (glu- Innervation
teal aponeurosis)
Superior Gluteal nerve (L4,5,S1)
Superior aspect of greater tro- Lies deep to the gluteus
chanter
maximus muscle, & contributes
to the bulk of the buttock.
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Posterior
Gluteus
Minimus
Origin
the thigh
2. Stabilises pelvis & prevents
free limb from sagging during
gait
Innervation
Superior Gluteal nerve (L4,5,S1)
Outer aspect of ilium (between Description
anterior & inferior gluteal lines) Lies deep to the gluteus medius
Insertion
muscle, & also contributes to the
Greater trochanter (anterior to bulk of the buttock.
gluteus medius); articular cap- Functional Application
sule of hip joint
Important in maintaining pelvic
Action
stability in weight-bearing.
1. Abducts & internally rotates
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Posterior
Gracilis
Origin
Innervation
Obturator nerve (L2,3,4)
Description
One of the hip adductor group,
Body of pubis & inferior pubic lying medially in the thigh. It is a
ramus
long slim muscle, attaching beInsertion
tween the pubis & the knee.
Medial surface of proximal tibia, Functional Application
inferior to tibial condyle; contrib- Pulls the thigh toward the other
utes to pes anserine
one, as well bending & turning
Action
1. Adducts hip
2. Flexes knee
3. Internally rotates tibia
the knee inward.
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Cervicalis
Posterior
Thoracis
Cervicis: transverse processes
of C4-6
Thoracis: lower border of angles
of ribs 1-6 (sometimes transOrigin
verse process of C7)
Cervicis: angles of ribs 1-6
Thoracis: upper border of ribs Lumborum: lower border of an6-12 (medial to lumborum’s in- gles of ribs (5),6-12
Action
sertion)
Lumborum: common tendinous Cervicis: extends, laterally flexes
origin - sacrum, iliac crest, & assists in rotation of lower
spinous processes of lower tho- cervical & upper thoracic verteracic & most lumbar vertebrae brae
Thoracis: extends, laterally
Insertion
flexes & assists in rotation of
Iliocostalis
Lumborum
thoracic vertebrae
Lumborum: extends, laterally
flexes & assists in rotation of the
vertebral column; can depress
the ribs
simus & Spinalis). It is the lateral column of the group, arising from the common tendinous
origin of the erector spinae, and
Innervation
attaching onto the angles of the
Cervicis: lower cervical & upper ribs.
Lies more superficially than
thoracic nerves
‘Transversospinalis’ Group
Thoracis: C8 & T1-6 nerves
Lumborum: lower thoracic & (Semipinalis,Multifidus & Rotatores)
upper lumbar nerves
Description
Functional Application
Iliocostalis is one of the ‘Erec- 1.Strong extensors of vertebral
tor Spinae’ Group (with Longis- column.
2.Stabilises the vertebral column
during flexion, acting in contrast
to the abdominal muscles and
the action of gravity.
3.Maintenance of erect posture
4.Lateral flexor and rotator of
vertebral column to same side.
5.With unilateral actions, the opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilisation.
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Posterior
Infraspinatus
Origin
Innervation
Suprascapular nerve (C5,6)
Description
Inserts on the outer aspect of the
Infraspinous fossa of the shoulder.
scapula
Functional Application
Insertion
One of the rotator cuff muscles
Middle facet of the greater tu- which provide stability for the
bercle of the humerus, capsule shoulder joint.
of the shoulder joint
May be impinged in the shoulAction
der joint when the arm is el1. Externally rotates the arm
evated frequently and in poor
2. Stabilises the glenohumeral movement patterns.
joint
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Innermost Intercostal - cut
Anterior
(each muscle fibre runs obliquely Description
& inserts toward the costal car- Wide, short & flat muscles that
tilage
lie between the ribs - underlie
Action
the external intercostals (fibres
Internal:
run obliquely to them).
1. Depresses the ribs in expira- Functional Application
tion
Muscles for breathing
2.
May
elevate
the
ribs
in
forced
Origin
Superior border of a lower rib inspiration
(hint: runs opposite to external Innermost:
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Innervation
often not well developed
Intercostal nerves
Insertion
Inferior border of a rib above
Anterior
Internal &
Innermost
Intercostals
Anterior
Internal
Oblique
Posterior
1. Rotates trunk to same side of
contraction
2. Laterally flexes trunk to same
side of contraction
Bilateral:
3. Flexes the trunk
Origin
Middle lip of the iliac crest; lat- 4. Compresses the abdomen
eral 1/3 of the inguinal ligament; Innervation
thoracolumbar fascia
Intercostal nerves (7th-12th)
Iliohypogastric nerves (T12,L1)
Insertion
Linea alba; lower borders of the Ilioinguinal nerves (T12,L1)
Description
lower 3 or 4 ribs
Flat sheet-like muscle, which
Action
attaches to the lower ribs and
Unilateral:
Lateral
the iliac crest of the pelvis. It also
attaches to the aponeurosis
anteriorly, and to the dorsal fascia posteriorly. The muscle is laterally placed in the trunk.
Functional Application
Due to its attachments anteriorly
and posteriorly, the Internal Oblique has an important trunk
stabilising role. It is also a trunk
lateral flexor and rotator, when
acting with External Oblique.
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Cervical
Posterior
Thoracic
Interspinalis
Description
Lumbar
Small muscles placed in pairs
between spinous processes of
each vertebra: cervical - 6 pairs;
Origin
Spinous process of each verte- thoracic - 2-3 pairs (between T12, +/-T2-3, T11-12); lumbar - 4
bra
pairs.
Insertion
Onto spinous processes of ver- Functional Application
Role in spinal extension and statebrae immediately above
bility.
Action
Help to extend vertebral column
Innervation
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
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Upper Cervical
Posterior
Cervical &Thoracic
Lumbar
intersegmentally
Intertransversi
Innervation
Origin
Description
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Transverse processes of each Small muscles placed in pairs
between transverse processes
vertebra
of each vertebra
Insertion
Onto transverse processes of Functional Application
vertebrae immediately above Role in spinal extension, lateral
flexion and stability.
Action
1. Help to extend vertebral column
2.
Lateral
flexion
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Anterior
Lateral
Posterior
Latissimus
Dorsi
the humerus
Action
1. extension of the arm (from
a flexed position)
2. internal rotation of the arm
3. adduction of the arm
4. downward rotation of the
scapula
Innervation
Thoracodorsal nerve, C6,7,8
Description
Large sheet muscle forming
the superficial musculature of
the back, with the trapezius.
Functional Application
Powerful shoulder adductor &
depressor.
Important shoulder girdle and
back stabiliser.
Origin
Spinous processes of T7-L5,
supraspinous ligament, upper
2-3 sacral segments, iliac
crest, lower 3-4 ribs, inferior
angle of scapula
Insertion
Floor of the bicipital groove of
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Anterior
Lateral
Levator
Scapulae
2. extends &/or laterally flexes Functional Application
the neck
Elevates, retracts and steadies
3. assists to downwardly rotate scapula.
the scapula
Origin
Innervation
Insertion
Description
Cervical nerves - C3 and C4,
Transverse processes of cerviand dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
cal vertebrae C1 to C4
Muscle between scapula and
Scapula - superior angle and upvertebrae of neck; superior to
per medial border
Rhomboid Minor
Action
1. elevates the scapula
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Longus Capitis
(& Rectus Capitis)
Anterior
Longus Colli & Capitis
Origin
Colli: lower anterior vertebral
bodies & transverse processes
Capitis: upper anterior vertebral
bodies & transverse processes
Insertion
Longus Colli
Anterior
segments above
Action
Flexes head & neck
Innervation
Colli: Ventral rami (C2-6)
Capitis: Ventral rami (C1-3)
Description
Long thin muscles deep in the
front of the cervical spine, spanning several vertebrae.
Functional Application
Anterior vertebral bodies & Main role is in postural stability
transverse processes several of the neck, and flexion of the
head & neck.
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talis & Spinalis). It is the intermediate column of the group, lying along the vertebral column
of the neck & back. .
Lies more superficially than
‘Transversospinalis’ Group
(Semipinalis,Multifidus & Rotatores)
Functional Application
Longissimus Capitis
Posterior
Longissimus
Origin
Longissimus Cervicis
Capitis: posterior margin of
mastoid process of temporal
bone
Cervicis: transverse processes
of cervical vertebrae C2-6
Thoracis: transverse processes
of all thoracic vertebrae; lower
9 or 10 ribs between tubercles
& angles; transverse processes
of upper lumbar vertebrae
1.Strong extensors of vertebral
column.
2.Stabilises the vertebral column
during flexion, acting in contrast
Longissimus Thoracis
to the abdominal muscles and
the action of gravity.
flexes vertebral column
Thoracis: extends & laterally 3.Maintenance of erect posture
flexes vertebral column; can 4.Lateral flexor and rotator of
vertebral column to same side.
depress ribs
5.With unilateral actions, the opInnervation
posite muscles contract eccenCapitis: middle & lower cervical
trically for stabilisation.
nerves
Cervicis: lower cervical & upper
thoracic nerves
Thoracis: thoracic & lumbar
nerves
Capitis: transverse processes of
C4 -T4
Cervicis: transverse processes
of thoracic vertebrae T1 to T5
Thoracis: transverse processes
of lumbar vertebrae; intermediate continuation of erector Action
Capitis: extension of the head, Description
spinae
rotation to same side
Longissimus is one of the ‘ErecInsertion
Cervicis:extends & laterally tor Spinae’ Group (with Iliocos-
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Posterior
Lumbricals
(foot)
Action
Origin
Innervation
From tendons of FDL:
1st: medial aspect of tendon to
2nd ray
2nd-4th: 2 heads between the
tendons in which they lie
1.Flexes the proximal phalanges
(at the MTP joint)
2. Extends the middle & distal
phalanges (at the IP joints)
1st: Medial plantar nerve (L5,S1)
2nd-4th: Lateral plantar nerve
(S1,2)
Description
Small muscles in the posterior
aspect of the foot running to the
Extensor tendons of EDL on toes.
dorsal foot
Functional Application
Insertion
Intrinsic postural support .
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Anterior
Lumbricals
Origin
3&4: Ulnar nerve - deep branch
(C8,T1)
Description
Small muscles in the palm of the
Tendon of flexor digitorum pro- hand.
fundus
Functional Application
Insertion
Extensor hood of digits 2-5
Action
1. Flexes the fingers (at the MCP
joints)
2. Extend IPs
Innervation
1&2: Median nerve (C8,T1)
Bends the knuckles whilst keeping the fingers straight.
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Anterior
Lateral
Middle
Scalene
Action
Origin
Innervation
Bilaterally: cervical flexion
Unilaterally: lateral flexion to
same side, rotation to opposite
side
Anterior tubercles of transverse Cervical nerves - 3rd to 8th
processes of 2nd to 7th cervical Description
Deep muscle on the lateral asvertebrae.
pect of the neck.
Insertion
1st rib - between scalene tubercle and groove for subclavian artery
Functional Application
It is primarily responsible for
flexion, lateral flexion and rotation of the neck. It also elevates
the 1st rib, assisting in inspiration, when the neck is fixed.
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Cervical
Posterior
Multifidus
Origin
Thoracic
Lumbar
Insertion
One of the ‘Transversospinalis’ port the lower trunk.
Onto spinous processes of Group, (with Semispinalis & Rohigher vertebrae - spanning 2-4 tatores). It is the middle layer of
the group, and divides into many
vertebrae
bundles.
Action
1. Bilaterally: extends vertebral Lies deeper than ‘Erector
Spinae’ Group (Iliocostalis,
column
2. Unilaterally: lateral flexion & Longissimus, Spinalis) along
vertebral column of the neck &
rotation to opposite side
upper to middle back.
Innervation
Cervical: articular processes of
lower cervical vertebrae
Thoracic: transverse processes
of all thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar: mamillary processes of
all lumbar vertabrae; deep surface of tendinous origin of erec- Segmental supply by dorsal rami Functional Application
tor spinae; lower portion of back of cervical, thoracic & lumbar Important role in spinal stability,
and posture. Acts together with
spinal nerves
of sacrum; PSIS
Transversus Abdominus to supDescription
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Superior
Posterior
Inferior
Inferior: transverse process of occipital region (triangular area
around the junction of the skull
atlas (C1)
and the cervical spine - C1 & 2 Action
lying deep to Trapezius & SemiSuperior:
spinalis Capitis muscles)
1. Bilaterally: extends head
2. Laterally flexes to contracted Functional Application
Origin
side
Main role is in postural stability
Superior: spinous process of atInferior: rotates head to con- of the head.
las (C1)
tracted side
Inferior: spinous process of axis
Innervation
(C2)
Suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami
Insertion
of C1)
Superior: between superior &
Description
inferior nuchal line of occiput
Small pair of muscles in the sub-
Obliquus
Capitis
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Obturator Internus
Posterior
Obturator
Internus &
Externus
Origin
Obturator Externus
Posterior
Insertion
Internus: medial aspect of
greater trochanter (through
lesser sciatic foramen)
Externus: trochanteric fossa of
femur
Action
1. Both: Externally rotate the
Internus: internal margins of ob- thigh
turator foramen; obturator mem- 2. Internus: Abducts thigh when
brane
flexed
Externus: medial surface of ob- 3. Externus: Assists to flex hip
turator foramen; external sur- Innervation
face of obturator membrane
Internus: nerve to obturator in-
Obturator Externus
Anterior
ternus (L5,S1,2)
Description
Pair of muscles lying deep in the
pelvis.
Functional Application
Important in controlling hip rotation & stability.
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Anterior
Omohyoid
Action
Origin
Ansa Cervicalis - C1,2,3
Superior Belly: Superior border
of scapula, near scapular notch
Inferior Belly: Intermediate tendon by fascia to clavicle
Insertion
Depresses the hyoid
Innervation
Description
Long thin muscle extending from
the clavicle and scapula to the
hyoid.
Functional Application
Superior Belly: Intermediate ten- It is a muscle of deglutition.
don by fascia to clavicle
Inferior Belly: Body of hyoid, inferior border
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Antterior
Opponens
Pollicis
Innervation
Median nerve - recurrent branch
(C8,T1)
Description
Small deep muscle in the palm
forming bulk in the thenar emiDistal border of flexor retinacu- nence.
lum; trapezium
Functional Application
Origin
Insertion
Brings thumb towards fingers,
Lateral aspect of 1st metacar- which is important for picking up
pal
or working with small objects or
Action
fine detail.
Opposes thumb to the fingers
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Antterior
Palmar
Interossei
Origin
Action
1. Adducts the fingers
2. Flexes the fingers (at the MCP
while IP joints are extended)
Innervation
Ulnar nerve - deep branch
From the side of the metacarpal (C8,T1)
that faces the midline
Description
Insertion
Small muscles in the palm.
On the base of the proximal pha- Functional Application
lanx of the digit of origin (same Brings the fingers together.
side toward the midline); extensor hood of the same digit/s
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Antterior
Palmaris
Brevis
Origin
Innervation
Ulnar nerve - superficial branch
(C8,T1)
Description
Small superficial muscle at the
medial edge of the palm.
Medial border of palmar aponeu- Functional Application
rosis
Involved in the gripping action.
Insertion
Skin of ulnar border of palm;
may insert on the pissiform
Action
Tenses the skin on the ulnar side
of the palm
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Anterior
Palmaris
Longus
Origin
1. Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor
tendon
2. Antebrachial Fascia
Insertion
Action
Flexes the hand at the wrist
Innervation
Median nerve (C6,7)
Description
Thin strap-like muscle on the
antero-medial aspect of the forearm, with a long tendon at the
wrist.
Functional Application
Central portion of the flexor reti- Minor wrist flexor - may be abnaculum; superficial portion of sent. It can be used for tendon
the palmar aponeurosis
transplants.
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Posterior
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Pectoralis
Minor & Major
tubercle (clavicular fibres insert
more distally, sternal fibres more
proximally)
Minor: medial aspect of coracoid
process of the scapula
Origin
Major: medial 1/3 of clavicle,
anterior aspect of sternum, upper 6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique
Minor: outer surface of ribs 3-5
Action
Major:
1. Adducts the arm
2. Internally rotates the arm
3. Flexes the arm (from an extended position)
4. Depresses the arm & shoulInsertion
Major: lateral lip of bicipital der
groove to the crest of the greater Minor:
1. Depresses the scapula
2. Downwardly rotates the
scapula
3. Assists to protract the scapula
from a retracted position
4. Stabilises the scapula
Innervation
Major: Pectoral nerve - lateral
(C5-7) to clavicular portion &
medial (C8-T1) to sternal portion
Minor: Pectoral nerve - medial
(C8-T1)
Description
Major: Large triangular sheet
muscle on the anterior chest
wall.
Minor: Small triangular muscle
underneath the Major.
Functional Application
Major: Powerful chest muscle
which adducts, elevates or lowers the shoulder joint depending
on which fibres are being recruited.
Anterior
Pectineus
Innervation
Origin
Description
Femoral nerve (L3,4) +/- Obturator nerve (L2,3,4)
Pectineal line of the pubis; su- Short muscle at front inner asperior pubic ramus
pect of hip.
Insertion
Functional Application
Pectineal line of the femur (just Bends the hip & pulls the thigh
below lesser trochanter on pos- inward toward the other one.
terior aspect of femur)
Important in running, climbing
Action
and kicking.
1. Flexes hip
2. Adducts hip
3. Internally rotates hip
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Lateral
Peroneus
Longus
Action
1. Abducts & everts foot
2. Weakly plantarflexes foot
In weight-bearing, it causes the
head of the 1st metatarsal to be
pressed down into the ground.
Innervation
Origin
Superficial peroneal nerve
(L4,5,S1)
Insertion
Functional Application
Head of fibula; proximal 2/3 of Description
lateral fibula; adjacent intermus- Strap-like muscle on the outside
cular septum
of the lower leg
Plantar surface of cuboid; base Turns the foot outward and
of 1st (& 2nd) metatarsal; me- downward. Important role in andial cuneiform (plantar surface) kle stability.
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Posterior
Piriformis
Origin
Pelvic surface of sacrum
Insertion
Nerve to piriformis (S1,2)
Description
Lies deep in the pelvis, over the
Sciatic nerve as it passes
through the buttock.
Functional Application
Medial surface of greater tro- Important in controlling hip rochanter (through greater sciatic tation & stability.
foramen)
Action
1. Externally rotates the thigh
when extended
2. Abducts thigh when flexed
Innervation
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Posterior
Plantar
Interossei
Innervation
Origin
Description
joints)
2. Flexes 3rd-5th toes (at MTP
joints)
Lateral plantar nerve (L5,S1)
Medial aspect of 3rd-5th meta- Small muscle in the lateral postarsals (single head of origin) terior aspect of the foot attachInsertion
ing to the 3rd-5th toe.
Medial aspect of base of proxi- Functional
mal phalanx of same ray (of 3rd- Appslication
5th)
Intrinsic postural support .
Action
1. Adducts toes 3-5 (at MTP
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Plantaris
above
Gastrocnemius
Anterior
Lateral
Plantaris
bearing)
can be used in tendon transplant
3. Stabilises ankle & knee (when surgery.
standing)
Commonly mistaken as a ‘monOrigin
key muscle’ tear when the GasInnervation
Above the lateral head of gas- Tibial nerve (S1,2)
trocnemius is strained.
trocnemius on femur
Description
Insertion
Small muscle lying in the popCalcaneus, medial to calcaneal liteal fossa behind the knee,
(‘Achilles’) tendon or blending above the lateral head of Gaswith it
trocnemius. It has a long thin
Action
tendon that attaches to the anSame as a weak Gastrocnemius: kle.
1. Plantarflexes ankle
Functional Application
2. Flexes knee ( when not weight Not an important muscle, & so
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Anterior
Lateral
Description
Broad, thin quadrangular muscle located in the superficial
fascia. Extends upward in the neck from the front of the thorax
Origin
Fascia of chest and shoulder (over pectoralis major and del- Functional Application
toid muscles)
It is considered to be a muscle of facial expression.
Insertion
Mandible, muscles and skin of lower part of face
Action
Pulls lower lip and corners of mouth down, as in expressing
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Innervation
Facial nerve (cervical branch), 7th Cranial nerve
Platysma
Posterior
Popliteus
Origin
2. Origin fixed: internally rotates
tibia on femur & unlocks knee
Innervation
Tibial nerve (L5,S1)
Lateral femoral condyle; arcuate Description
popliteal ligament; lateral menis- Small muscle lying obliquely &
cus; knee joint capsule
deep in the popliteal fossa beInsertion
hind the knee,.
Posterior tibial surface above the Functional Application
soleal line
Twists the knee joint to unlock
Action
1. Insertion fixed: externally rotates femur on tibia & unlocks
knee
it.
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Lateral
Posterior
Posterior
Scalene
Innervation
Origin
Functional Application
Cervical nerves - C6,7,8
Description
Deep muscle on the lateral aspect of the neck.
Transverse processes of 4th, 5th It is primarily responsible for
flexion, lateral flexion and rotaand 6th cervical vertebrae.
tion of the neck. It also elevates
Insertion
the 2nd rib, assisting in inspira2nd rib - outer surface
tion, when the neck is fixed.
Action
Flexes and rotates the neck; elevates the 2nd rib
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Anterior
Pronator
Quadratus
Origin
Innervation
Anterior interosseous branch of
median nerve (C8,T1)
Description
Rectangular thin muscle at the
base of the forearm
Distal 1/4 anteromedial surface Functional Application
of ulna
Turns the wrist & forearm, so
Insertion
that the hand faces palm down.
Distal 1/4 anterolateral surface
of radius
Action
Pronates the forearm & hand
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Anterior
Ulnar head
Pronator Teres
the middle of the shaft (pronator tuberosity)
Origin
1. Humeral Head: upper portion
of medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor
tendon; medial brachial intermuscular septum
2. Ulnar head: coronoid process
of ulna
3. Antebrachial Fascia
Insertion
Lateral aspect of the radius at
Action
1. Pronates forearm (during
rapid or forced pronation)
2. Weakly flexes the elbow
Innervation
Median nerve (C6,7)
Description
Strap-like anterior muscle of the
elbow
Functional Application
Turns the elbow forcefully, so
that the hand faces palm down.
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Posterior
Quadratus
Femoris
Origin
Innervation
Nerve to quadratus femoris
(L4,5,S1)
Description
Rectangular muscle lying deep
in the pelvis.
Lateral aspect of ischial tuber- Functional Application
osity
Important in controlling hip roInsertion
tation & stability.
Quadrate line (along posterior
aspect of femur & intertrochanteric crest)
Action
Externally rotates the thigh
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Anterior
Lateral
Quadratus
Lumborum
ing thoracic cavity
Functional Application
2. Stabilises 12th rib
Deep trunk stabiliser,that fixates
3. Acts to eccentrically stabilise the ribcage to the pelvis.
lateral flexion to the opposite
side
Origin
Innervation
Insertion
Description
Lateral lip of iliac crest; iliolum- Ventral rami of spinal nerves
bar ligament
(L1,2,3,4)
Posterior, inferior aspect of 12th Rectangular shaped muscle
rib; transverse processes of L1- deep in the lower trunk, attach4
ing the pelvis to the lumbar vertebrae & bottom rib.
Action
1. Depresses 12th rib, expand-
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Posterior
Quadratus
Plantae
Origin
1.Assists FDL toflex the distal
phalanges of 2nd-5th toes
2. Corrects FDL from pulling
toes medially
Innervation
Lateral plantar nerve (S1,2)
Medial Head: medial calcaneus Description
Lateral Head: lateral calcaneus Small rectangular muscle in the
& long plantar ligament
posterior aspect of the foot atInsertion
taching to the calcaneus.
Lateral margins of flexor Functional Application
digitorum longus (FDL); may Intrinsic postural support .
send slips intp the distal tendons
Action
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Anterior
Rectus
Abdominus
Innervation
Intercostal nerves (7th-12th)
Description
Often described as the ‘6-pack’
muscle at the front of the abdoOrigin
men, it actually has 5 pairs of
Cartilage of ribs 5-7; xiphoid sections. It is a broad flat sheet
process
muscle, that is the most superfiInsertion
cial of the abdominal muscles.
Pubic crest between pubic tu- Functional Application
bercle & pubic symphysis
Powerful trunk flexor.
Action
1. Flexes the thunk
2. Compresses the abdomen
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Lateralis & Anterior
Rectus Capitis
(& Longus Capitis)
Anterior
Lateral
Rectus
Capitis -
Insertion
Anterior: occipital bone - anterior to foramen magnum
Lateralis: occipital bone - jugular process
Anterior & Lateralis
Action
Origin
Anterior: flexes head
Lateralis: laterally bends head
the skull and the cervical spine C1 & 2)
Functional Application
Main role is in postural stability
of the head, and fine movements
of the head at the upper spine in flexion & sideways bend.
Innervation
Anterior: anterior base of transVentral rami (C2,3)
verse process of atlas (C1)
Lateralis: transverse process of Description
Small pair of muscles anterior to
atlas (C1)
the suboccipital region (triangular area around the junction of
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Major
Posterior
Minor
Rectus
Capitis
Posterior
Inferior nuchal line
Origin
Action
spinalis Capitis muscles)
Functional Application
1. Both: bilaterally extends head Main role is in postural stability
2. Major: also rotates head to of the head, and fine movements
contracted side
of the head at the upper spine in extension & rotation.
Innervation
Suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami
of C1)
Description
Major: spinous process of axis
Small pair of muscles in the sub(C2)
occipital region (triangular area
Minor: posterior tubercle of ataround the junction of the skull
las (C1)
and the cervical spine - C1 & 2 Insertion
lying deep to Trapezius & Semi-
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Anterior
Lateral
Rectus
Femoris
Action
Origin
Description
Anterior Head: anterior inferior
iliac spine (AIIS)
Posterior Head: ilium just above
the acetabulum
1. Extends knee
2. Flexes hip
& bends the hip. Important in
running, climbing and kicking.
Innervation
Femoral nerve (L3,4,+/-2)
Penniform shaped muscle at the
anterior aspect of the thigh, attaching the pelvis to the knee.
It is one of the Quadriceps
Insertion
Femoris group, and lies most
Common quadriceps tendon superficially & centrally..
into patella, tibial tuberosity via Functional Application
patellar ligament
Powerfully straightens the knee
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Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Rectus Capitis & Longus Capitis
Anterior
Rectus Capitis
Lateral
Rectus
Capitis
Action
Origin
Innervation
Bilaterally: cervical flexion
Unilaterally: lateral flexion to
same side, rotation to opposite
side
Anterior tubercles of transverse Cervical nerves - 3rd to 8th
processes of 2nd to 7th cervical Description
Deep muscle on the lateral asvertebrae.
pect of the neck.
Insertion
1st rib - between scalene tubercle and groove for subclavian artery
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Posterior
Functional Application
It is primarily responsible for
flexion, lateral flexion and rotation of the neck. It also elevates
the 1st rib, assisting in inspiration, when the neck is fixed.
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Major: Scapula - medial border Functional Application
from scapular spine to inferior Retracts and steadies scapulae,
angle
important for shoulder girdle staAction
bility.
1. retracts & stabilises the .
scapula
Origin
2. assists to downwardly rotate
Minor: spinous processes of C7the scapula
T1, ligamentum nuchae (lower
3. assists to adduct the arm
part), supraspinous ligament
Major: spinous processes of T2- Innervation
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
5, supraspinous ligament
Rhomboids
Minor & Major
Insertion
Description
Minor: Scapula - upper medial Muscles between scapula and
border at root of scapular spine vertebrae of upper back.
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Thoracic
Posterior
Lumbar
bral column is greatest.
column
2. Unilaterally: rotation of supe- Lies deeper than ‘Erector
Spinae’ Group (Iliocostalis,
rior vertebra to opposite side
Longissimus, Spinalis).
Innervation
Origin
Functional
Application
Dorsal
rami
of
spinal
nerves
Transverse processes of one
Important role in spinal rotation
Description
vertebra
and stability.
One
of
the
‘Transversospinalis’
Insertion
Group,
(with
Semispinalis
&
Onto spinous processes of
Multifidus). It is the deepest
higher vertebrae
layer of the group, lying in the
Short: immediately above
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groove between the spinous &
Long: span 1 vertebra
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transverse processes. Easiest to
Action
1. Bilaterally: extends vertebral observe in the thoracic region
where the rotation of the verte-
Rotatores
Anterior
Sartorius
Origin
Innervation
Femoral nerve (L2,3)
Description
Long narrow muscle wrapping
Anterior superior iliac spine down & around the thigh, from
(ASIS)
the outer aspect of the pelvis to
Insertion
the inner knee.
Upper medial surface of body of Functional Application
tibia; contributes to pes anserine Bends the hip & knee, and turns
Action
1. Flexes hip & knee
2. Externally rotates hip (when
flexed)
the hip outward.
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Posterior
medial meniscus
Semimembranosus 4.Pulls
posteriorly during flexion
Origin
Ischial tuberosity
Insertion
Posterior medial aspect of medial tibial condyle; fibres join to
form most of oblique popliteal
ligament (& medial meniscus)
Action
1. Flexes the knee
2. Extends the hip
3. Internally rotates the tibia
Innervation
Tibial nerve of sciatic bundle
(L5,S1,2)
Description
One of the hamstring group, lying medially in the posterior aspect of the thigh.
Functional Application
Powerful hip extensor and knee
flexor.
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Semispinalis Capitis
Semispinalis Cervicis
cipital bone
Cervicis: spinous processes of
cervical vertebrae C2-5
Thoracis: spinous processes of
Origin
Capitis: transverse processes of C6-7, thoracic vertebrae T1-4
Action
C7 and T1-6 +/- T 7
Cervicis: transverse processes Capitis: extension of the head,
of thoracic vertebrae T1 to T5 rotation to opposite side
Thoracis: transverse processes Cervicis: extension of the cervical spine, rotation to opposite
of T6-10
side
Insertion
Capitis: between superior and Thoracis: extension of the verinferior nuchal lines on the oc- tebral column, rotation to opposite side
Semispinalis
Semispinalis Thoracis
Innervation
Capitis: cervical nerves
Cervicis: middle cervical nerves
Thoracis: lower cervical & upper
thoracic nerves
Description
One of the ‘Transversospinalis’
Group, (with Multifidus & Rotatores). It is the most superficial
of the group.
Lies deeper than ‘Erector
Spinae’ Group (Iliocostalis,
Longissimus, Spinalis) along
vertebral column of the neck &
upper to middle back.
Functional Application
1.Strong extensors of vertebral
column.
2.Stabilises the vertebral column
during flexion, acting in contrast
to the abdominal muscles and
the action of gravity.
3.Maintenance of erect posture
4.Lateral flexor and rotator of
vertebral column to same side.
5.With unilateral actions, the opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilisation.
Posterior
(L5,S1,2)
Semitendinosus Description
Origin
Ischial tuberosity
Insertion
One of the hamstring group, lying medially in the posterior aspect of the thigh.
Functional Application
Medial aspect of tibial shaft; contributes to pes anserine
Powerful hip extensor and knee
Action
flexor.
1.Extends the hip
2. Flexes the knee
3. Internally rotates the tibia
Innervation
Tibial nerve of sciatic bundle
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Anterior
Posterior
Serratus
Anterior
2. stabilises the scapula (preventing winging)
3. assists to upwardly rotate the
scapula
Origin
Lateral
Innervation
Long thoracic nerve (C5,6,7)
Outer surfaces & superior bor- Description
Flat sheet muscle wrapping
ders of the upper 8-9 ribs
around the side wall of the chest.
Insertion
Costal (underside) aspect of me- Functional Application
Protracts and steadies scapulae,
dial border of scapula
important for shoulder girdle staAction
bility.
1. protracts the scapula
.
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Posterior
Serratus
Posterior -
Action
1. Superior: Expands the chest
by raising the ribs to which it is
atached
superior & inferior Inferior: Draws the ribs back and
downward.
2. Acting unilaterally, they both
Origin
assist with lateral flexion of the
Superior: Spines of C7-T1-2 or T3 trunk.
Inferior: Spines of T11-L2 or L3
Insertion
Superior: Ribs 2-5
Inferior: Ribs 8-12
Innervation
Superior: T1-4
Inferior: T9-12
attaching the spine to the ribs.
The Superior and Inferior pull on
the ribs at either end of the
ribcage to create maximal expansion of the ribcage. The middle ribs have no attachments as
they remain static in the
centre.The Superior muscle lies
beneath Rhomboids and Trapezius.
Functional Application
Usually Serratus Inferior is considered a muscle of expiration,
Description
Flat bands or ‘fingers’ of muscle but some consider it to be one
of inspiration.
.
Soleus
beneath
Gastrocnemius
Anterior
Soleus
Origin
Lateral
Smaller and deeper than Gastrocnemius, forming part of the
bulk of the calf.
Functional Application
Upper fibula; soleal line of tibia Stabilising function for the ankle
Insertion
in standing.
Calcaneus via medial portion of
calcaneal (‘Achilles’) tendon (the
tendon twists laterally)
Action
1. Plantarflexes ankle
Innervation
Tibial nerve (S1,2)
Description
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Semispinalis /Spinalis Capitis
Spinalis Cervicis
Capitis: between superior and
inferior nuchal lines on the occipital bone
Cervicis: spinous processes of
Origin
Capitis: spinous processes of cervical vertebrae C2-4
lower cervical & upper thoracic Thoracis: spinous processes of
T4-8
vertebrae
Spinalis
Cervicis: spinous processes of Action
Spinalis Thoracis
Spinalis Thoracis
Capitis:dorsal rami of upper cervical nerves
Cervicis:dorsal rami of lower
cervical nerves
Thoracis: dorsal rami of thoracic
nerves
Transversospinalis’ Group
(Semipinalis,Multifidus & Rotatores)
Spinalis Capitis is inseparably
connected with Semipinalis
Capitis.
Description
Spinalis is one of the ‘Erector
Capitis:
extension
of
the
head
Spinae’ Group (with Iliocostalis
C7-T2
Thoracis: spinous processes of Cervicis: extension of the cervi- & Longissimus) ). It is the medial column of the group, lying
T11-L2; common tendinous ori- cal spine
Thoracis:
extension
of
the
veralong the vertebral column of the
gin
tebral column
neck & upper to middle back. .
Insertion
Lies more superficial than
Innervation
Functional Application
1.Strong extensors of vertebral
column.
2.Stabilises the vertebral column
during flexion, acting in contrast
to the abdominal muscles and
the action of gravity.
3.Maintenance of erect posture
4.Lateral flexor and rotator of
vertebral column to same side.
5.With unilateral actions, the opposite muscles contract eccentrically for stabilisation.
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Anterior
Lateral
Splenius
Action
Origin
Cervicis: spinous processes of
thoracic vertebrae T3 to T6
Capitis: lower half of ligamentum
nuchae*, and spinous processes
of C7 and T1-3
Insertion
Cervicis: transverse processes
of cervical vertebrae C1-3
Capitis: mastoid process and
occipital bone
Functional Application
Strong neck extensor, together
Acting bilaterally: extension of with erector spinae and upper
the cervical spine
trapezius.
Acting unilaterally: laterally Holds the head and neck up
flexion and rotation of the cervi- posturally.
cal vertebrae to the same side
*ligamentum nuchae is a large,
Innervation
Posterior lateral branches of tough, elastic ligament running
in the back of the neck and becervical nerves - C4-8
tween the spinous processes of
Description
Muscle superficial to semispina- the cervical vertebrae and the
occipital bone of the skull
lis capitis along back of neck
Anterior
Lateral
Posterior
Innervation
Accessory nerve (Cr 11,
Sternocleidomastoid Spinal
C2-3)
Origin
Manubrium of the sternum
Medial third of clavicle
Insertion
Mastoid Process
Description
The Sternocleidomastoid is a
thick superficial muscle on the
anterolateral aspect of the neck.
Functional Application
It is primarily responsible for
flexion and rotation of the head
Bilaterally: cervical flexion
Unilaterally: lateral flexion to and neck.
same side, rotation to opposite
side
Action
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Anterior
Sternohyoid
Description
Origin
Functional Application
Thin muscle extending from the
sternum to the hyoid.
Manubrium of the sternum, me- It is a muscle of deglutition.
dial end of clavicle
Insertion
Body of hyoid, inferior border
Action
Depresses the hyoid
Innervation
Ansa Cervicalis - C1,2,3
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Anterior
Description
muscle extending from the
Sternothyroid Thin
sternum to the thyroid cartilage.
Origin
Functional Application
Manubrium of the sternum, cos- It is a muscle of deglutition.
tal cartilage of 1st rib
Insertion
Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Action
Depresses the thyroid cartilage
Innervation
Ansa Cervicalis - C1,2,3
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Anterior
Stylohyoid
Description
Origin
Functional Application
Thin cord-like muscle extending
from the skull to the hyoid
Styloid process of temporal bone It is a muscle of deglutition.
Insertion
Body of hyoid
Action
Elevates and pulls hyoid
posteriorly
Innervation
Facial nerve (Cranial 7)
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Anterior
Subclavius
attaching the 1st rib to the clavicle
Origin
First rib about the junction of
bone and cartilage
Insertion
Lower surface of the clavicle
Action
Assists to stabilise the clavicle
Innervation
Nerve to the subclavius (C5,6)
Description
Small, thin, strap-like muscle
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Posterior
Anterior
Subscapularis Innervation
Upper & lower subscapular
Origin
nerves (C5,6)
Description
Subscapular fossa on the ante- Wraps around the medial aspect
rior surface of the scapula
of the shoulder to insert onto the
Insertion
anterior aspect .
Lesser tubercle of the humerus, Functional Application
capsule of the shoulder joint One of the rotator cuff muscles
(lower part)
which provide stability for the
Action
1. Internally rotates the arm
2. Stabilises the glenohumeral
joint
shoulder joint.
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Antterior
Posterior
Supinator
Innervation
Origin
1.Lateral epicondyle of humerus
2. Supinator crest of ulna
3. Radial collateral ligament
4. Annular ligament
5. antebrachial fascia
Radial nerve - deep branch (C6)
Description
Thin deep muscle in the upper
end of the forearm
Functional Application
Twists the forearm so the palm
of the hand faces upward.
Insertion
Proximal portion of anterolateral
surface of the radius
Action
Supinates the forearm
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Posterior
Anterior
joint
Supraspinatus Innervation
Origin
Suprascapular nerve (C5,6)
Description
Supraspinous fossa of the Wraps around the shoulder to
scapula
insert on the outer aspect of the
Insertion
shoulder. It has a poor blood
Upper facet of the greater tuber- supply.
cle of the humerus, capsule of Functional Application
the shoulder joint
One of the rotator cuff muscles
Action
which provide stability for the
1. Abducts the arm (almost shoulder joint.
solely for the 1st 20 degrees) May be impinged in the shoul2. Stabilises the glenohumeral der joint when the arm is el-
evated frequently and in poor
movement patterns. It does not
heal well due to its poor blood
supply.
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Anterior
Tensor Fascia
Lata
to the lateral patellar retinacu- lateral aspect of the upper thigh.
lum & the biceps femoris ten- It attaches to the IT band, which
don)
is a thick fibrous band on the outside of the thigh, inserting onto
Action
the knee.
1. Flexes the hip
Origin
2. Rotates & abducts a flexed Functional Application
1. Anterior aspect of iliac crest thigh
Apart from its ability to flex, ab2. Anterior superior iliac spine 3. Tenses IT band medially to duct & rotate the thigh, the TFL
(ASIS)
support femur on tibia during with the IT band provide postural Tensor Fascia Lata
Insertion
standing
stability in the hip & leg.
& Iliotibial band
Anterior aspect of iliotibial (IT) Innervation
- Lateral
band, below greater trochanter Superior Gluteal nerve (L4,5,S1)
(IT band inserts on the antero- Description
lateral tibia, & also sends slips TFL is a thick muscle at the front
Posterior
Teres Minor
Teres Major
Teres
Minor & Major
Major: medial lip of the bicipital
groove of the humerus (just
medial to the insertion of the
latissimus dorsi)
Origin
Action
Minor:
1. Externally rotates the arm
2. Stabilises glenohumeral joint
Major:
1. Internally rotates the arm
2. Extends the arm (from a
Insertion
Minor: Lowest facet of the flexed position)
greater tubercle of the humerus, 3. Adducts the arm
capsule of the shoulder joint
Minor: middle 1/2 of the scapula’s lateral border
Major: lower 1/3 of the scapula’s lateral border
Anterior
Teres Major
Innervation
Lower subscapular nerve (C5,6)
Description
Thin strap-like muscles which
attach the scapula to the shoulder - posteriorly and anteriorly.
Functional Application
Two of the rotator cuff muscles
which provide stability for the
shoulder joint.
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Anterior
Tibialis
Anterior
Origin
Lateral tibial condyle; proximal
2/3 of anterolateral surface of
tibia; interosseous membrane,
anterior intermuscular septum&
crural fascia
Insertion
Lateral
plantar surface of cuneiform
Action
1. Powerfully dorsiflexes foot
2. Inverts & adducts foot
Innervation
in walking. If it is weak, there is
a tendency to hyperpronate the
ankle, combined with a partial
‘drop foot’.
Deep peroneal nerve (L4,5,S1)
Description
Thick muscle on the antero-lateral aspect of the lower leg,
along the border of the tibia. It
is the most superficial of the
anterior lower leg muscles.
Medial & plantar surface of base Functional Application
of 1st metatarsal; medial & The main muscle to lift the foot
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Posterior
Tibialis
Posterior
of calcaneus
Origin
Innervation
Action
longitudinal arch of the foot.
1. Stabilises ankle joint
2. Adducts & inverts foot
3. Weakly plantarflexes foot
Posterior proximal tibia; interos- Tibial nerve (L5,S1)
seous membrane; medial sur- Description
face of fibula
Lies deep to the Gastrocnemius
Insertion
and Soleus muscles in the posNavicular tuberosity (principle); terior aspect of the calf.
all 3 cuneiforms (plantar sur- Functional Application
face); bases of 2-4th metatar- Prevents hyperpronation during
sals; cuboid; sustentaculum tali gait, and provides support tothe
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Anterior
Transversus
Abdominus
2. Assists contralateral external erally placed in the trunk.
oblique in lateral flexion
Functional Application
Innervation
Due to its attachments anteriorly
Intercostal nerves (7th-12th)
and posteriorly, the Internal ObIliohypogastric nerves (T12,L1) lique has an important trunk
Origin
Ilioinguinal nerves (T12,L1)
stabilising role It provides staInner lip of the iliac crest; lat- Description
bility for the trunk, when workeral 1/3 of the inguinal ligament; Flat sheet-like muscle, with fi- ing together with multifidus in the
thoracolumbar fascia; cartilage bres that are transversely ori- low back. They create a ‘musof the lower 6 ribs
ented fibres and which ‘wrap cular cylinder’.
Insertion
around’ the abdominal region. It
Linea alba
attaches to the aponeurosis
anteriorly, and to the dorsal fasAction
1. Tenses the abdominal wall cia posteriorly. The muscle is lat-
Medial head
Triceps - medial head
Anterior
lateral intermuscular septum Description
(deep to long & lateral heads) Main posterior upper arm musInsertion
cle, arising from 3 heads - one
Origin
Posterior surface of the ole- from the humerus & one from
Long Head: infraglenoid tuber- cranon process of the ulna, deep the scapula.
cle of the scapula
fascia of the antebrachium
Lateral Head: upper 1/2 of the Action
Functional Application
posterior surface of the shaft of 1. All Heads: extends the fore- Major extensor of the elbow.
the humerus, and the upper part arm at the elbow
of the lateral intermuscular 2. Long Head: Adducts the arm
septum
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Medial Head: posterior shaft of shoulder (from a flexed position)
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the humerus, distal to radial Innervation
groove and both the medial and Radial nerve (C7,8)
Posterior
Triceps Brachii
Anterior
Upper Trapezius
Lateral
Upper & Middle Trapezius
Posterior
Upper & Middle Trapezius
Trapezius
Action
Upper Fibres: elevate & upwardly rotate the scapula
All Fibres: retract scapula
Lower Fibres: downwardly rotate the scapula
Innervation
Accessory nerve (Cr 11)
branches of C3-4
Description
Bilaterally forms a large ‘trapezoid’ shaped sheet muscle,
forming the superficial muscu-
lature of the back with the laterally).
Important shoulder girdle stalatissimus dorsi.
The Upper Fibres are thin and bilisers.
relatively weak compared to
the middle and lower fibres.
Functional
Application
Upper Fibres provide some
elevation of the clavicle. Of
lesser importance, they can
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move the head in extension
(when acting bilaterally) or lateral flexion (when acting uni-
Origin
Base of skull, occipital protuberance, posterior ligaments
of neck,
Spinous processes of C1-T12
Insertion
Posterior aspect of the lateral
third of the clavicle, medial
margin of acromion, superior
spine of scapula
Lower Trapezius
Anterior
Vastus
Intermedius
Innervation
Femoral nerve (L3,4,+/-2)
Description
One of the Quadriceps Femoris
group, it lies deep to the Rectus
Origin
Femoris. It is a penniform
Anterolateral aspect of femoral shaped muscle at the anterior
shaft
central aspect of the thigh, atInsertion
taching the upper thigh to the
Common quadriceps tendon knee.
into patella, tibial tuberosity via Functional Application
patellar ligament
Straightens the knee.
Action
Important in running, climbing
Extends knee
and kicking.
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Posterior
patella, especially if there is an
Action
imbalance in strength between
Extends knee
the Lateralis & Medialis, or if the
Innervation
Lateralis is tight. Patello-femoFemoral nerve (L3,4,+/-2)
ral joint dysfunction may result.
Description
Origin
Fusiform shaped muscle at the Important in running, climbing
Greater trochanter; lateral lip of anterolateral aspect of the thigh, and kicking.
linea aspera; lateral intermuscu- attaching the hip to the knee. It
lar septum
is one of the Quadriceps FemoInsertion
ris group, and lies to the outside
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Common quadriceps tendon of the Rectus Femoris.
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into patella, tibial tuberosity via Functional Application
patellar ligament
Powerfully straightens the knee.
Anterior
Vastus
Lateralis
Lateral
May abnormally displace the
Anterior
Vastus
Medialis
Posterior
Innervation
Femoral nerve (L3,4,+/-2)
Description
Fusiform shaped muscle at the
anteromedial aspect of the
Origin
thigh, attaching the hip to the
Intertrochanteric line of femur; knee. It is one of the Quadrimedial aspect of of linea aspera ceps Femoris group, and lies to
Insertion
the inside of the Rectus FemoCommon quadriceps tendon ris.
into patella, tibial tuberosity via Functional Application
patellar ligament
Straightens the knee.
Action
If there is weakness or an imExtends knee
balance in strength between the
Lateralis & Medialis, or if the
Lateralis is tight, the patella may
be abnormally displaced.
Patello-femoral joint dysfunction
may result.
Important in running, climbing
and kicking.
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Anterior
Brachialis
Description
Origin
Functional Application
Deep anterior upper arm muscle.
Lower 1/2 of the anterior hu- Major flexor of the elbow.
merus, both intermuscular septa
Insertion
Radial tuberosity, coronoid process of ulna (slightly)
Action
Elbow flexion
Innervation
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6)
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Iliacus
Anterior
Iliopsoas
Psoas Major
Insertion
Psoas Minor
anterior aspect of the hip & pel- Important in walking, running,
Both: Iliopsoas tendon to the vis, & psoas mainly in the low climbing, cycling and kicking.
lesser trochanter of the femur; abdominal cavity, arising from
medial aspect of linea aspera the front of the lower vertebrae.
They attach to the upper thigh
Action
Origin
on the inner aspect via a com1. Flex hip
Iliacus: Inner surface of upper 2. Externally rotate hip
mon tendon.
iliac fossa; anterior inferior iliac Innervation
Psoas Minor is a smaller musspine (AIIS); anterior capsule of Iliacus: Femoral nerve (L2,3,4) cle lying medially to Major.
hip joint
Psoas Major: ventral rami of Functional Application
Psoas Major: vertebral bodies spinal nerves (L1-4)
They powerfully lift the hip, es1800 640 810
of T12-L4 (& discs); transverse Description
pecially iliacus. If the insertion is
processes of L1-4
Iliacus & Psoas form the Iliop- fixed, then they become trunk
soas group. They lie deep in the flexors.
- Iliacus & Psoas
Biceps Femoris - long head
Posterior
Biceps Femoris - Short head
Biceps
Femoris
1. Flexes knee (mainly short Functional Application
head)
Powerful hip extensor and knee
2. Externally rotates hip
flexor.
3. Extends hip (long head)
Origin
Long Head: Ischial tuberosity
Short Head: Lateral lip of linea
aspera & the lateral intermuscular septum
Insertion
Anterior
Innervation
Long Head: Tibial nerve
(L5,S1,2)
Short Head: Common Peroneal
nerve (L5,Si)
Description
One of the hamstring group, lyHead of fibula; maybe to the lat- ing centrally (long head) & lateral tibial condyle
erally (short head) in the posteAction
rior aspect of the thigh.
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Posterior
Superior &
Inferior Gemelli
Origin
Superior: ischial spine
Inferior: ischial tuberosity
tendon of obturator internus)
Action
vis.
Functional Application
1. Both: externally rotate the Important in controlling hip rothigh
tation & stability.
2. Superior: abducts thigh when
flexed
Innervation
Superior: nerve to obturator
(L5,S1,2)
Superior: medial aspect of Inferior: nerve to quadratus
greater trochanter (via upper femoris (L4,5,S1)
tendon of obturator internus)
Description
Inferior: medial aspect of Pair of thin horizontally placed
greater trochanter (via lower muscles lying deep in the pel-
Insertion
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Posterior
Adductor
Hallucis
Origin
Oblique Head: base of 2nd-4th
metatarsals & long plantar ligament
Transverse Head: deep transverse metatarsal ligament &
plantar ligaments at MTP joints
Insertion
Lateral aspect of base of proxi-
mal phalanx of hallux
Action
1. Adducts big toe (at MTP joint)
2. Flexes big toe (at MTP joint)
Innervation
Lateral plantar nerve (L5,S1)
Description
Small muscles in the posterior
aspect of the foot attaching to
the big toe.
Functional Application
Intrinsic postural support .
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Posterior
Flexor Digiti
Minimi Brevis
(foot)
Origin
Flexes 5th toe (at MTP joint)
Innervation
Lateral plantar nerve (L5,S1)
Description
Small muscle in the lateral posterior aspect of the foot attaching to the 5th toe.
Functional Application
Base of 5th metatarsal; digital Intrinsic postural support .
sheath of peroneus longus
Insertion
Lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of 5th ray
Action
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Posterior
Abductor
Digiti Minimi
(foot)
Origin
Lateral & medial processes of
calcaneal tuberosity; plantar
aponeurosis; lateral intermuscular septum
Insertion
Lateral aspect of base of proxi-
mal phalanx of 5th ray
Action
1. Abducts 5th toe
2. Assists to flex 5th toe
Innervation
Lateral plantar nerve (S1,2)
Description
Small muscles in the posterior
aspect of the foot running to the
5th toe.
Functional Application
Flexes the5th toe.
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Anterior
Adductor
Longus
Origin
Medial
3. May externally rotate hip
Innervation
Posterior
when weight bearing on both
legs.
Obturator nerve (L2,3,4)
Description
One of the hip adductor group,
lying medially in thethigh.
Anterior surface of pubis, just Functional Application
Brings the thigh toward the other
inferior to the pubic tubercle
one, as well as lifting it upward.
Insertion
Medial lip of linea aspera on Acts in conjunction with the opposite side hip abductors to keep
middle half of femur
the pelvis level in standing. UnAction
derrated in their role as pelvic
1. Adducts hip
stabilisers - but only important
2. Flexes hip
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Anterior
Brachioradialis
Action
Insertion
Description
the wrist & forearm, in either di1. Flexes the forearm at the el- rection
bow
Origin
2. Pronates the forearm when
Upper lateral supracondylar supinated
ridge of humerus (between the 3. Supinates the forearm when
triceps & brachialis muscles); pronated
lateral intermuscular septum of Innervation
humerus
Radial nerve (C5,6)
Superior aspect of styloid proc- Strap-like muscle on the anteess of radius; lateral side of rolateral of the forearm
distal 1/2-1/3 of radius; antebraFunctional Application
chial fascia
Major forearm flexor, & twists
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Anterior
Adductor
Magnus
Origin
Anterior Fibres: inferior pubic
ramus
Oblique Fibres: ischial ramus
Posterior Fibres: ischial tuberosity
Insertion
Medial
epicondyle of the femur
Action
Posterior
Functional Application
1. Adducts hip
Powerfully pulls the thigh toward
2. Posterior Fibres: also extend the other one.
& externally rotate hip
Innervation
Anterior Fibres: Obturator nerve
(L2,3,4)
Posterior Fibres: Tibial nerve of
sciatic bundle (L4,5)
Description
The largest of the hip adductor
Proximal 1/3 of linea aspera; group, lying antero-medially in
adductor tubercle of the medial the thigh.
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Posterior
Abductor
Pollicis Longus
Origin
1. Abducts the 1st metacarpal
2. Assists to extend & rotate the
thumb
3. Radially deviates the hand at
the wrist
4. Flexes the hand at the wrist
1. Posterior surfaces of ulna & Innervation
radius
Radial nerve - posterior interos2. Interosseous membrane
seous (C6,7+/-8))
3. Antebrachial fascia
Description
Insertion
Thin deep muscle in the posteLateral aspect of base of 1st rior aspect of the forearm
metacarpal
Functional Application
Action
Abducts the thumb.
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