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Foundations of Earth Science, 6e (Lutgens)
Chapter 2 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
1) An igneous rock that contains vesicles ________.
A) is also extrusive
B) is also fine grained
C) contains many small holes
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
2) As the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form ________.
A) increases
B) decreases
C) is not affected
D) none of these
Answer: B
Diff: 1
3) Which one of the following is an igneous rock?
A) limestone
B) rhyolite
C) slate
D) shale
Answer: B
Diff: 1
4) Intrusive rocks ________.
A) are generally fine-grained
B) form at Earth's surface
C) are quite often vesicular
D) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
5) Granite and gabbro ________.
A) have a similar mineral composition
B) have a similar texture
C) both A and B
D) are in no way similar
Answer: B
Diff: 1
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6) Obsidian exhibits a(n) ________ texture.
A) fine-grained
B) glassy
C) coarse-grained
D) porphyritic
Answer: B
Diff: 1
7) Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided
eye are said to exhibit a ________ texture.
A) fine-grained
B) glassy
C) coarse-grained
D) porphyritic
Answer: C
Diff: 1
8) This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes.
A) fine-grained
B) glassy
C) coarse-grained
D) porphyritic
Answer: D
Diff: 1
9) Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock.
A) basalt
B) andesite
C) granite
D) diorite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
10) Select the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar
from the list below.
A) basalt
B) andesite
C) granite
D) diorite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
2
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11) Which of the rocks listed below is a popular building stone?
A) basalt
B) andesite
C) granite
D) diorite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
12) The texture of an igneous rock ________.
A) is controlled by the composition of magma
B) determines the color of the rock
C) is caused by leaching
D) records the rock's cooling history
Answer: D
Diff: 1
13) Igneous rock is formed
A) by the weathering of pre-existing rocks.
B) by changes in mineral composition.
C) at great depth within Earth.
D) by crystallization of molten rock.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
14) The most important mechanical weathering process is ________.
A) frost action
B) hydrolysis
C) unloading
D) thermal expansion
Answer: A
Diff: 1
15) Chemical weathering would be most effective ________.
A) in a warm, dry climate
B) in a cold, dry climate
C) in a warm, humid climate
D) equally in any kind of climate
Answer: C
Diff: 1
16) Which of the following is NOT a product of the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar?
A) silica
B) potassium ions
C) iron oxide
D) clay
Answer: C
Diff: 1
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17) Which one of the following is NOT true about mechanical weathering?
A) produces smaller pieces
B) adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering
C) does not change the rock's mineral composition
D) does not affect metamorphic rocks
Answer: D
Diff: 1
18) Which one of the following is NOT related to chemical weathering?
A) decomposition
B) frost wedging
C) hydrolysis
D) oxidation
Answer: B
Diff: 1
19) Which of these factors influence the type and rate of weathering?
A) mineral content
B) climate
C) topography
D) all of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
20) Sedimentary rocks ________.
A) may contain fossils
B) hold important clues to Earth's history
C) may be economically important
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
21) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) primarily on the basis of ________.
A) color
B) type of bedding
C) composition
D) particle size
Answer: D
Diff: 1
22) Sedimentary rocks compose approximately ________ percent of Earth's outermost 10 miles.
A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 30%
D) 50%
Answer: A
Diff: 1
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23) Which rock type is associated with a high- energy environment (such as a very turbulent
stream)?
A) conglomerate
B) shale
C) chert
D) none of these
Answer: A
Diff: 1
24) Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks?
A) quartz and olivine
B) calcite and clay
C) clay and quartz
D) dolomite and gypsum
Answer: C
Diff: 1
25) Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except ________.
A) beach
B) salt flat
C) river floodplain
D) delta
Answer: B
Diff: 1
26) Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for ________.
A) shale
B) sandstone
C) conglomerate
D) breccia
Answer: A
Diff: 1
27) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________.
A) limestone
B) dolomite
C) chert
D) rock salt
Answer: A
Diff: 1
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28) Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt?
A) detrital sedimentary rocks
B) varieties of dolostone
C) varieties of coal and peat
D) evaporites; chemical, sedimentary rocks
Answer: D
Diff: 1
29) Coal beds originate in ________.
A) shallow lakes in a dry, desert region
B) channels of fast-moving streams
C) deep, marine basins below wave action
D) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs
Answer: D
Diff: 1
30) Metamorphism may result from ________.
A) heat
B) pressure
C) chemical action
D) all of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
31) ________ is a strong, parallel alignment of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.
A) Rock cleavage
B) Foliation
C) Stress streaking
D) Marbleizing
Answer: B
Diff: 1
32) Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?
A) Certain minerals may recrystallize.
B) The rock becomes more compact.
C) Crystals may grow larger.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
33) The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is ________.
A) marble
B) mica schist
C) phyllite
D) gneiss
Answer: A
Diff: 1
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34) ________ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals.
A) Marble
B) Mica schist
C) Phyllite
D) Gneiss
Answer: D
Diff: 1
35) This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from sandstone.
A) phyllite
B) mica schist
C) quartzite
D) marble
Answer: C
Diff: 1
36) The agents of metamorphism are ________.
A) uplifting and folding
B) foliation and deposition
C) contact and regional deformation
D) heat, pressure, and chemically-active fluids
Answer: D
Diff: 1
37) The primary agent of contact metamorphism is ________.
A) folding
B) heat
C) stress
D) strain
Answer: B
Diff: 1
38) What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade
metamorphism?
A) marble
B) mica schist
C) slate
D) gneiss
Answer: C
Diff: 1
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39) Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade
of metamorphism?
A) phyllite, slate, schist
B) schist, slate, phyllite
C) slate, phyllite, schist
D) slate, schist, phyllite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among
the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.
40) a. shale
b. sandstone
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: Word Analysis Questions
c. breccia
d. conglomerate
41) a. lithification b. cementation
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: Word Analysis Questions
c. weathering
d. compaction
42) a. granite
b. basalt
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: Word Analysis Questions
c. diorite
d. gabbro
43) Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from
crystallizing magmas.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
44) Olivine and quartz are commonly found together in the same rock.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
45) One magma can produce several different igneous rocks having different mineral
compositions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
46) Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of gabbro.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
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47) Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
48) Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in riverbeds and
on beaches.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
49) Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when it freezes.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
50) All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
51) The most abundant sedimentary rock is shale.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
52) Evaporites have a biochemical origin.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
53) Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing among various detrital sedimentary rocks.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
54) Most limestone has a biochemical origin.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
55) Compaction is most significant as a lithification process for sedimentary rocks composed of
sand-sized particles.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
56) During metamorphism the material undergoing deformation remains essentially a solid.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
57) The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks are strata, or beds.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
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58) The largest quantity of metamorphic rock is produced by regional metamorphism.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
59) Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
60) Metamorphism is commonly associated with mountain building.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
61) Metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
62) ________ is the name given to molten rock below the Earth's surface.
Answer: Magma
Diff: 1
63) ________ refers to the removal and isolation of early-formed mineral grains that can cause the
composition of the remaining magma to change.
Answer: Crystal settling
Diff: 1
64) Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of what two main characteristics?
Answer: texture and mineral composition
Diff: 1
65) Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture.
Answer: glassy
Diff: 1
66) ________ weathering is accomplished by physical forces that break rock into smaller and
smaller pieces without changing the rock's mineral composition.
Answer: Mechanical
Diff: 1
67) When water in cracks and joints freezes and expands the rock is broken into angular fragments.
This process is known as ________.
Answer: frost wedging
Diff: 1
68) ________ weathering alters the internal structures of minerals by removing and/or adding
elements.
Answer: Chemical
Diff: 1
10
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69) The two most common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks are ________ and ________.
Answer: clay; quartz
Diff: 1
70) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________.
Answer: limestone
Diff: 1
71) When a sedimentary rock consists of angular, gravel-sized particles, it is called ________.
Answer: breccia
Diff: 1
72) Rock salt and rock gypsum are common examples of a group of chemical sedimentary rocks
called ________.
Answer: evaporites
Diff: 1
73) ________ refers to the processes by which unconsolidated sediments are transformed into
solid sedimentary rocks.
Answer: Lithification
Diff: 1
74) Probably the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is ________.
Answer: layering (strata or beds)
Diff: 1
75) The partial decomposition of plant remains in an oxygen-poor swamp creates a layer of soft,
brown material that is not yet coal. This material is known as ________.
Answer: peat
Diff: 1
76) List three agents of metamorphism.
Answer: heat, pressure, chemically active fluids
Diff: 1
77) Metamorphism that occurs because of close proximity to a mass of magma is called ________
metamorphism.
Answer: contact
Diff: 1
78) When a metamorphic rock exhibits a layered or banded appearance, it is said to exhibit a
________ texture.
Answer: foliated
Diff: 1
11
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Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 2 to answer the
questions below.
79) Considering the various processes involved in mechanical and chemical weathering, what are
some of the factors that influence or control the weathering of earth materials? Also, which of
these factors would be most important?
Answer: Higher temperatures speed chemical weathering. Carbon dioxide (the amount of CO2 in
the water) lowers the pH, making the water more acidic. The amount of water in an environment is
most important. The more wet an environment, a jungle for example, the more effective all
chemical weathering processes.
Diff: 2
Type: Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions
80) How might a geologist infer ancient climatic conditions using sedimentary rocks? (Hint: Think
in terms of the conditions necessary to form certain rocks and also the features, structures, and
fossils found in sedimentary rocks.)
Answer: The environment of deposition of the rock and the fossils within the rock give us the clue.
If the rock is a dark claystone with fern fronds and dragonfly fossils within the layers, the
sediments from which the rock is composed were likely deposited within a wet, warm
environment.
Diff: 3
Type: Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions
12
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81) Fill in the missing rock names on the chart below.
Answer: See figure 2.8 in Foundations of Earth Science, 6e.
Diff: 1
Type: Visualization Questions
82) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below?
Answer: Confining pressure
Diff: 1
Type: Visualization Questions
13
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83) What kind of sedimentary structure is pictured in the photograph below?
(a) ___________________
Explain how this kind of sedimentary structure forms. (b) ___________________
Answer:
(a) mud cracks
(b) Mud shrinks and cracks as it dries (as in an evaporating mud puddle).
Diff: 2
Type: Visualization Questions
14
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84) Carefully observe each of the photographs below of sedimentary rocks. To the right of each
sample, name the rock and describe its origin (how it formed).
(a) ___________________
(b) ___________________
(c) ___________________
Answer:
(a) conglomerate
Origin: A poorly sorted mixture of rounded grains of sand and gravel was lithified.
(b) biochemical limestone or coquina
Origin: A mass of calcareous seashells and broken shells was cemented together.
(c) breccia
Origin: A poorly sorted mixture of angular grains of sand and gravel was lithified.
Diff: 2
Type: Visualization Questions
15
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85) Examine the rock cycle (Figure 2.2 in the text). In nature, would it be possible for some of the
steps to be "short-circuited" or interrupted, where instead of progressing directly from one step to
the next, the circle might be crossed by a process? Give three examples where this might occur.
For example, before a sedimentary rock becomes metamorphosed, could it be melted?
Diff: 2
86) Can you explain why the ascending bodies of magma (like those illustrated in Figure 2.5 in the
text) which feed a volcano or produce large intrusive bodies are shaped like inverted raindrops? Do
you own a "lava lamp"? Might this observation help explain why large intrusive bodies are
"rootless"?
Diff: 3
87) The mantle of Earth is thought to be composed of peridotites. So why would new oceanic floor
be basaltic composition when the source of the plate is the mantle? Hint, could ocean plate be an
"evolved" rock type? If so, what process might change the peridotites to a basaltic composition?
Diff: 3
88) Why do you think rhyolite is so uncommon at Earth's surface? After all, granite, rhyolite's
slowly cooled equivalent, which formed at a depth of many kilometers is extremely common at the
surface.
Diff: 4
89) Can you pop a lifesaver into your mouth and let it dissolve to nothing over a period of five to
ten minutes? Or after a few minutes do you happily crunch the candy into tiny bits? Why would a
person be compelled to chew the candy up. What does this have to do with physical weathering of
rocks?
Diff: 2
90) Why do intrusive rocks chemically weather more quickly than extrusive rocks? Why do mafic
rocks chemically weather more easily than felsic rocks? Hint, think of the constituent minerals of
each rock type. So what rock type would you choose to face the new skyscraper you have
designed?
Diff: 3
91) From your text, page 58, Figure 2.18...."Vertical changes in rock types represent
environmental changes through time." This statement certainly makes sense, as time passes,
environments change on Earth's surface and the sediments deposited reflect those environments:
ocean levels rise and fall; mountains are formed that are eventually reduced by weathering and
erosion, and so on. But we also see horizontal changes in rock types (ancient sedimentary
environments). Use the concept of uniformitarianism to explain this important concept.
Diff: 4
16
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