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UNIT 4 BIOLOGY
NOTE: This list has been compiled based on the topics covered in the 2016 Master Class
program. Once all of the 2017 Biology program materials have been finalised, this summary
will be updated to reflect any topic changes that have come into effect with the introduction
of the new Study Design.
Units 1 – 4: Key Skills
Unit 4 – Continuity and Change
Area of Study 1 – Heredity
DNA
Summary of DNA Features
Genes
Alleles
Size of Genes
Chromosomes
Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Somatic Cells
Sex Cells (Gametes)
Sex Determination
Mitochondrial DNA
Genome
Karyotypes
Gender in Other Organisms
Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Cell Cycle & Interphase
DNA Replication
Cell Division
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The Four Phases of Mitosis in a Cell
Mitosis Summary
Meiosis and Cytokinesis
Important Sources of Variation During Meiosis
Crossing Over & Recombination
Independent Assortment of Chromosomes
Mitosis & Meiosis Summary
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
DNA versus RNA
Gene Expression
Introns and Exons
Flanking Regions
Transcription
Post-Transcription Modification
Alternative Splicing of Introns
Translation
RNR – RNA Base Pairing
Protein Review
Gene Regulation
The LAC Operon
Homeotic Genes
Silencing Genes by RNA Interference
Microarrays
Mutations
Gene Mutations
How the Environment Can Change your DNA
Point Mutations
Substitutions
Insertions (Additions)
Deletions
Chromosome Mutations (Macromutations)
A Selection of Chromosome Mutations
Inheritance Terminology
Effect of Genotype and Environment on Phenotype
Mendelian Inheritance
Degrees of Dominance
Complete Dominance
Test Cross – Single Gene
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Incomplete Dominance
Biochemical Basis of Dominance
Sex Linked Inheritance
Lethal Genotypes
Crosses Involving Two Genes
Test Cross – Two Unlinked Genes
Linked Genes
Test Cross – Two Linked Genes
Determining Distance Between Two Linked Genes
Polygenic Inheritance
Continuous and Discontinuous Variation
Pedigrees
Autosomal Dominant Conditions
Autosomal Recessive Conditions
X Linked Dominant Conditions
X Linked Recessive Conditions
How to Conquer a Pedigree
Sample Pedigrees
Genetic Engineering – Tools and Techniques
Isolating Cells
Obtaining the Cells’ DNA
Restriction Enzymes
Ligases
Plasmids
Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning
Transformation of Bacteria
Identifying Recombinant Cells
Reverse Transcriptase and Copy DNA
Methods of Gene Transfer
Making DNA Visible for Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis
Southern Blotting
Fragments Used in Gel Electrophoresis
RFLPs
Intact Alleles (e.g. cystic fibrosis)
Minisatellites in DNA Fingerprinting
Microsatellites (STRs) in DNA Profiling
Mitochondrial DNA (Hypervariable region)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Features Distinguishing DNA Profiling from DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Sequencing
Area of Study 1: Examination Questions
Area of Study 2 – Change Over Time
Human Intervention in Evolutionary Processes
Genetic Technology and Associated Issues
Stem Cells
Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
Transformation and Transfection
Some GM Issue Case Studies
GMO or TGO or Both?
Genetic Screening
Gene Therapy
Page 186
Variation, Natural Selection and Evolution
Species
Variation
Types of Variation
Genetic Variation
Sexual Reproduction
Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Advantages of Variation
Adaptation and Natural Selection
Adaptation
Natural Selection
Selective Forces
Heterozygote Advantage
Possible Isolating Mechanisms Involved in Natural Selection
Forms of Natural Selection
Directional Selection
Stabilising Selection
Disruptive Selection
Artificial Selection/Selective Breeding
Genetic Change in a Population Summary
Speciation
Extinction
Development of Evolutionary Theory
Evolution
Divergent Evolution
Parallel Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Phylogenetic Trees/Cladograms
Evolution: Gradual or Punctuated Equilibrium?
The Molecular Clock
Evidence for Evolution
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Embryology
Biochemical Evidence (inc. DNA Hybridisation)
Distribution of Present Day Organisms
Living Organisms in Process of Change
Fossils
Sedimentary Rock and Fossil Formation
Relative Dating
Index Fossils
Transitional Fossils
Living Fossils
Continental Drift
Absolute Dating of Fossils
Geological Time Scale
Chordate Evolution
Classification of Mammals
Human Evolution
Primate Features
Living Primate Groups
Hominoids, Hominids and Hominins
Primate Evolution (Phylogenetic Tree)
Humans
Comparative Features of Humans and Other Apes
Comparative Features of Humans and Gorillas
Transitional Hominin Skulls
Fossil Primates
Hominins
Hominin Fossils
Sahelanthropus
Ororrin
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo rudolfensis
Homo ergaster/erectus
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo floresiensis
Homo sapiens
Proposed Hominin Phylogenetic Trees
Modern Human Origins
Out of Africa or Regional Continuity?
Hominin Evolution Theories Upended in Asia
Hominin Summary
Cultural Evolution
Technological Evolution
Genetics Word Bank
Evolution Word Bank
Area of Study 2: Examination Questions
Solutions to Examination Questions
Techniques for Improving Examination Performance