Download Plant Biology Unit Outline

IB Biology: Plant Biology Unit Outline
I.
Plant Diversification
A. Algae – Photosynthesis of the water
1. Diversity
2. Evolutionary history
3. Autotrophic
4. Distribution
5. Economic importance
B. Prokaryote Algae – Cyanobacteria
C. Types of Algae
1. Brown Algae
2. Red Algae
3. Green Algae
D. Economic Importance
E. Adaptations for Colonization of Land
1. Ancestral forms
2. Reproductive strategies
3. Life cycle: alternation of generation (gametophyte and sporophyte
generation)
4. Seed plant reproduction
a. seed coat
b. food reserves
c. dispersal
F. Modification of the Sporophyte for life on land
1. Cutin
2. Suberin
3. Supporting tissue
4. Conducting tissue
5. Xylem
6. Phloem
7. Vascular tissues
G. Bryophytes
1. Size
2. Gametophyte dominance
3. Vascular tissue
4. Habitat
5. Produce spores
H. Vascular plants
I. Ferns
1. Body form
2. Reasons for success
3. Produce spores
J. Seed Plants
II.
III.
1. Seed
2. Gymnosperms
3. Conifers
4. Pine life cycle
K. Angiosperms – Development of flowers and fruit
1. Two groups (monocot and dicot)
2. Evolutionary history
3. Flowers
4. Rewards for pollinators
5. Flower structure
6. Life cycle – double fertilization
7. Seed dispersal
Seed Plant Root
A. Functions of the Root
B. Patterns of root growth (taproot, fibrous roots, extent of root systems)
C. Primary Root Growth
1. Meristematic cells
2. Growth in length – apical meristem
3. Primary growth
4. Root cap
5. Elongation zone
6. Maturation zone
7. Epidermis
8. Cortex
9. Vascular cylinder – xylem, phloem, pericycle
10. Endodermis
D. Secondary growth along the sides
1. Lateral meristem
2. Vascular cambium
3. Secondary xylem and phloem
4. Secondary growth pattern
5. Cork cambium
E. Functions of the root
1. Minerals needed
2. Availability of minerals
3. Root Hair absorption
4. Importance of nitrogen
5. Pathway of water and minerals
6. Absorption through cell walls of epidermis
7. Root hairs
F. Active transport into the Vascular Cylinder
1. Endodermal cells as gatekeepers
2. Casparian strip
3. Root pressure
Stem
A. Primary growth
IV.
V.
1. Apical meristem
2. Nodes – leaf primordial
3. Internodes
4. Meristematic tissue – auxiliary bud
5. Permanent tissue: surface epidermis, ground substance, vascular tissue
6. Vascular tissue – dicots, monocots
B. Secondary stem growth
C. Functions of the stem
1. support
2. water movement
Leaves – Specialization for Photosynthesis
A. General leaf structure
1. Organizational plan
2. Types of tissue:
a. Dermal tissue
i.
Cuticle
ii. Epidermis
iii. Stomata and guard cells
b. Ground tissue – mesophyll (palisade, spongy)
c. Vascular tissue
B. Environmental Adaptations
1. Value of transpiration
2. Problems in transpiration
3. Leaf Surface
4. Rain forest plants
5. Plants of the open plains
6. Mesophytes
7. Hydrophytes
8. Xerophytes
C. Control of stomata opening
1. Results of open stomata
2. Results of closed stomata
3. Role of guard cells
4. Turgor pressure in guard cell
5. Effect of K+ ions
D. Translocation
E. Leaves as storage organs
Control of Plant Growth
A. General background information
1. Darwin’s discovery
2. Auxin
3. Phototropism
4. Auxin and cytokinin
5. Nature of plant hormones
B. Effects of hormones on seed germination
1. Components of a seed
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
2. Abscisic acid’s role
3. Gibberellin
Growth and Branching of a Shoot
1. Importance of cellular elongation
2. Shoot bending
3. Went’s discovery
4. How does auxin cause elongation?
Auxin transport
1. Polar transport
2. Movement
3. Concentrations
4. Effect of light
5. Geotropism
Apical Dominance and Control of Branching
1. Apical dominance
2. Auxin
3. Ethylene
4. Cytokinin
Development of Reproductive Structure – Day Length and Flowering
1. Importance of timing of reproduction
2. Photoperiodism
3. Three categories of plants
Phytochrome: Detector of Day Length
1. Red-far red reversibility
2. Phytochrome
3. Pf
4. Pfr
Development and Ripening of Fruit
Senescence and Dormancy
1. Deciduous tree leaf drop
2. Abscisic acid