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Persian Empire Persian Empire (558-332 BCE) • Founded by Cyrus the Great • Darius I (521-486 BCE) – Balanced central administration & local governors – Divided government into 3 districts ran by satraps – Built the Royal Road – Fought Persian Wars (500-479 BCE) • Led to the decline of the Persian Empire Persian Empire • Persian Society – Women worked in textile manufacturing – Government used slaves to complete public works projects • Persian Economy – Government coined money – Facilitated trade from Greece to India • Persian Religion – Zoroastrianism Classical China • Zhou Dynasty (1029-258) – Mandate of Heaven – Feudalism • Decline of Zhou Dynasty – Confucianism – Daoism – Legalism • Warring States Period – Kingdom of Qin began expanding during the 3rd century BCE Qin Dynasty (221-202 BCE) • Used Legalism to restore order • Land reforms weakened aristocracy – Peasants were given land rights to farm remote territories • Centralized bureaucracy • Unified China – Standardized script, laws, and weights & measures Qin Shi Huangdi • Proclaimed himself “First Emperor” of China • Centralized Power – Disarmed local militaries – Built roads & defensive walls • Demanded burning of books • Used forced labor to complete public works projects Terra Cotta Army Terra Cotta Army Early Han Dynasty (202 BCE-9 CE) • Founded by Liu Bang – Longest dynasty in Chinese History • Conquered northern Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia – Tribute System • Monopolized iron, salt, and liquor Han Wudi (Wu Ti) • Ruled from 141-87 BCE – Supported Legalism • Two Goals – Centralize government – Expand the empire • Reforms – – – – Expanded bureaucracy Started an imperial university Confucian examination system Expanded the Silk Roads Chinese Accomplishments • Technology – Paper – Collar harness & improved plow – Wheelbarrow – Watermill – Seismograph • Science – Daoism emphasized importance of nature Mauryan Dynasty • Founded by Chandragupta Maurya – Arthashastra Ashoka (268-232 BCE) • Conquered most of India – Used elephants in warfare – Battle of Kalinga • Reforms – – – – Pillars of Ashoka Centralized bureaucracy Expanded agriculture Built roads to promote trade • Promoted the spread of Buddhism • Empire declined after Ashoka’s death Gupta Dynasty (320-565 CE) • Founded by Chandra Gupta – Used alliances, tribute & conquest • Gupta Government – Coalition of regional kingdoms – Policy & administration left to local rulers • Eventually destroyed by the White Huns Indian Accomplishments • Science – Calculated the solar year as 365.358605 – Two medical texts classified 1,000 diseases – Performed surgery including plastic surgery – Inoculations against smallpox • Mathematics – – – – Indian numerals (0-9) Decimal system Negative numbers Calculated the numerical value of pi • Literature – Poetry • Sinbad the Sailor, etc. – Drama • Mahabharata & Ramayana Ancient Greece • Geography prevented political unification – Culturally unified • City-States – Cities offered safety and wealth – Different political systems • Unified when threatened – Persian Wars • Wars weaken city-states – Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) Greek Colonization Alexander the Great (332-323 BCE) • Father, Philip II, conquered most of Greece • Built a massive empire – Threatened India • Empire divided after his death Hellenistic Empires Greek Accomplishments • Philosophy – Socrates – Ethics, Socratic Method – Plato – Government & ethics – Aristotle – Ethics, government, science, etc. • Math & Science – Euclid’s Elements – Pythagoras developed Pythagorean theorem – Eratosthenes calculated the Earth’s size – Archimedes estimated the value of pi, law of lever, pulley systems, catapult, etc. Architecture The Parthenon Roman Republic (509-44 BCE) • Political System – Consuls – Senate (patricians) – Tribunes (plebeians) • Military expansion – Assimilated conquered peoples • Twelve Tables – Created a standardized system of laws – Established rights for defendants Expansion of Roman Republic End of Republic • Growing tensions between rich & poor • Latifundias – Large plantations in conquered lands controlled by aristocrats • Julius Caesar – Dictator for life in 44 BCE – Reforms • Sought to relieve tension between the classes – Executed by aristocratic conspirators Roman Empire (31 BCE-476 CE) • Established by Augustus – Continued military expansion – Pax Romana • NOT a dynasty – Succession often depended upon military strength • Tolerated local customs & religions • Laws & patriotism held empire together Roman Aqueducts Circus Maximus Other Structures Fall of the Roman Empire 164 – Antonian Plague spreads through Rome 180 – End of Pax Romana 300 – Diocletian divides the Empire 313 – Constantine legalizes Christianity 410 – Visigoths sack Rome 455 – Vandals sack Rome 476 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire Germanic Invasions Maya (300–900 CE) • Heirs to Olmec traditions • Culturally unified city-states – Never form a unified political system • Built elaborate religious and commercial centers – Tikal & Chichen-Itza • Traded luxury products • Advanced math & science – Zero, solar year, etc. El Castillo at Chichen-Itza Mayan Architecture Mayan Oberservatory Mayan Decline • Maya city-states were abandoned or destroyed between 800-900 CE • Causes for decline include: – The disruption of trade after the decline of Teotihuacan in Central Mexico – Environmental degradation caused by overpopulation – Epidemic disease Summary What are some of the continuities that existed between the classical empires? Do you notice any patterns or themes within those continuities? Roman Empire and Han Dynasty A Short Comparison AP World History Roman Empire Han Dynasty Characteristics Han China • Well organized bureaucracy based upon Confucian ideas and education Roman Empire • Well organized bureaucracy founded on Roman law and classical learning Characteristics Han China • Emphasis on Family ancestors: patriarchical • Reliance on landed gentry • Engineering accomplishments: roads, canals, the Great Wall Roman Empire • Emphasis on family: pater familias • Reliance on patricians • Engineering accomplishments: roads, aqueducts, amphitheatres, domes, sewage systems, central heating Characteristics • Grand Canal • Roman Roads Characteristics • Great Wall • Roman Aqueduct Characteristics Han China • Religion: Confucianism, Daoism, native gods, intro to Buddhism Roman Empire • Religion: Emperor as god, paganism, intro to Christianity Decline of the: Han Dynasty • Infighting among ruling elites • Inequitable distribution of land tax burden fell on peasants rather than on large landowners • Series of peasant rebellions • Generals usurp political power become warlords • 220 CE generals divide empire into three kingdoms. • Emigration of nomadic peoples into N. China kept country disunited Roman Empire • Internal opposition - barrack emperors • Difficulties in administering vast empire creates rivalries and divisions of authority • Eastern and Western Empire - capital moved to Constantinople • Germanic invasions by Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Visigoths • 476 Odacer deposes final Western Roman Emperor • Eastern Roman Empire becomes Byzantine Empire - lasts another 1000 years Shared Characteristics • Decline in Morals and Values – Decline in those values that have upheld this particular society together • • • • • Public Health and Urban Decay Political Corruption Unemployment and Inflation Inferior technology Military Spending