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9
PART 1
Joints
Pages 208-222, 224226, 228-231
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Leslie Hendon
University of Alabama, Birmingham
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Joints
• Rigid elements of the skeleton meet
at joints or articulations
• Structure of joints
• Enables resistance to crushing,
tearing, and other forces
• Hold bones together
• Allow rigid skeleton some flexibility
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Classifications of Joints
• Joints can be classified by function or structure
• Functional classification—based on amount of
movement
• Synarthroses—immovable; common in axial
skeleton
• Amphiarthroses—slightly movable; common in
axial skeleton
• Diarthroses—freely movable; common in
appendicular skeleton/limbs (all synovial joints)
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Classifications of Joints
• Structural classification based on
• What separates the articulating bones (fibers,
cartilage or joint cavity)
• Structural classifications include
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
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Classifications of Joints
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Fibrous Joints
• Bones are connected by fibrous connective
tissue
• Do not have a joint cavity
• Most are immovable or slightly movable
• Types
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses
• Gomphoses
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Fibrous Joints
(a) Suture
(b) Syndesmosis
(c) Gomphosis
Joint held together with very
short, interconnecting fibers,
and bone edges interlock.
Found only in the skull.
Joint held together by a
ligament. Fibrous tissue can
vary in length but is longer
than in sutures.
Peg-in-socket fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds
tooth in socket.
Suture
line
Fibula
Tibia
Socket
of
alveolar
process
Root of
tooth
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
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Ligament
Periodontal
ligament
Figure 9.1
Proximal Part of the Ulna
Radial notch
of the ulna
Head
Neck
Radial
tuberosity
Olecranon process
Neck of radius
Coronoid process
Proximal radioulnar
joint
Ulna
Radius
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Head of radius
Trochlear notch
Interosseous
membrane
Styloid process
of radius
(a) Anterior view
Olecranon
process
Ulnar notch of
the radius
Head of ulna
Distal radioulnar joint
Styloid process of ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Ulnar notch
of the radius
Radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
of ulna
(b) Posterior view
Styloid process
of radius
Figure 8.4a, b
Cartilaginous Joints
• Bones are united by cartilage
• Lack a joint cavity
• Two types
• Synchondroses
• Symphyses
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Synchondroses
• Hyaline cartilage unites bones
• Epiphyseal plates
• Joint between first rib and manubrium
(a) Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Sternum
(manubrium)
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
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Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
Figure 9.2a
Symphyses
(b) Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Body of vertebra
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Hyaline cartilage
Pubic symphysis
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Figure 9.2b
Synovial Joints
• Most movable type of joint
• All are diarthroses
• Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity
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General Structure of Synovial Joints
• Articular cartilage
• Ends of opposing bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage
• Absorbs compression
• Joint cavity (synovial cavity)
• Unique to synovial joints
• Cavity is a potential space that holds a small
amount of synovial fluid
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General Structure of Synovial Joints
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Fibrous
capsule
Articular
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Periosteum
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(a) A typical synovial joint
Figure 9.3a
General Structure of Synovial Joints
• Articular capsule—joint cavity is enclosed in a
two-layered capsule
• Fibrous capsule—dense irregular connective
tissue, which strengthens joint
• Synovial membrane—loose connective tissue
• Lines joint capsule and covers internal joint
surfaces
• Functions to make synovial fluid
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General Structure of Synovial Joints
• Synovial fluid
• A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white
• A filtrate of blood
• Arises from capillaries in synovial membrane
• Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by
fibroblasts
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General Structure of Synovial Joints
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Fibrous
capsule
Articular
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Periosteum
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(a) A typical synovial joint
Figure 9.3a
General Structure of Synovial Joints
• Reinforcing ligaments
• Often are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule
• Richly supplied with sensory nerves
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General Structure of Synovial Joints
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Fibrous
capsule
Articular
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Periosteum
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) A typical synovial joint
Figure 9.3a
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
• Three basic types of movement
• Gliding—one bone across the surface of
another
• Angular movement—movements change the
angle between bones
• Rotation—movement around a bone's long axis
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Gliding Joints
• Flat surfaces of two bones slip across
each other
• Gliding occurs
between
• Carpals
• Articular
processes
of vertebrae
• Tarsals
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
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Figure 9.6a
Angular Movements
• Increase or decrease angle between bones
• Movements involve
• Flexion and extension
• Abduction and adduction
• Circumduction
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Angular Movements
Extension
Flexion
(b) Angular movements: flexion and extension of the neck
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Figure 9.6b
Angular Movements
Extension
Flexion
(c) Angular movements: flexion and extension of the trunk
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Figure 9.6c
Angular Movements
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and
circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
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Figure 9.6e
Rotation
• Involves turning movement of a bone around its
long axis
• The only movement allowed between atlas and
axis vertebrae
• Occurs at the hip and shoulder joints
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Rotation
Rotation
Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
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Figure 9.6f
Special Movements
• Elevation—lifting a body part superiorly
• Depression—moving the elevated part
inferiorly
Elevation
of mandible
Depression
of mandible
(a) Elevation
Lifting a body part
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Depression
Moving a body part
inferiorly
Figure 9.7a
Special Movements
• Protraction—nonangular movement anteriorly
• Retraction—nonangular movement posteriorly
Protraction
of mandible
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(b) Protraction
Moving a body part in the
anterior direction
Retraction
of mandible
Retraction
Moving a body part in the
posterior direction
Figure 9.7b
Special Movements
• Supination—forearm rotates laterally, palm
faces anteriorly
• Pronation—forearm rotates medially, palm
faces posteriorly
• Brings radius across the ulna
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Special Movements
Pronation
(radius rotates
over ulna)
(c) Pronation (P)
Rotating the forearm so the
palm faces posteriorly
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Supination
(radius and ulna
are parallel)
Supination (S)
Rotating the forearm so the
palm faces anteriorly
Figure 9.7c
Special Movements
• Opposition—thumb moves across the palm to
touch the tips of other fingers
Opposition
(d) Opposition
Moving the thumb to touch the tips
of the other fingers
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Figure 9.7d
Special Movements
• Inversion and eversion
• Special movements at the foot
• Inversion—turns sole medially
• Eversion—turns sole laterally
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Special Movements
Inversion
(e) Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot
medially
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Eversion
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot
laterally
Figure 9.7e
Special Movements
• Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
• Up-and-down movements of the foot
• Dorsiflexion—lifting the foot so its superior
surface approaches the shin
• Plantar flexion—depressing the foot, elevating
the heel
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Special Movements
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(f) Dorsiflexion
Lifting the foot so its superior
surface approaches the shin
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Plantar flexion
Depressing the foot
elevating the heel
Figure 9.7f
Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
• Plane joint
• Articular surfaces are flat planes
• Short gliding movements are allowed
• Intertarsal and intercarpal joints
• Movements are nonaxial
• Gliding does not involve rotation around any axis
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Plane Joint
Nonaxial movement
Metacarpals
Carpals
Gliding
(a) Plane joint
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Figure 9.8a
Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
• Hinge joints
• Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on
another bone
• Angular movement is allowed in one plane
• Elbow, ankle, and joints between phalanges
• Movement is uniaxial—allows movement
around one axis only
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Hinge Joint
Uniaxial movement
Humerus
Medial/
lateral
axis
Ulna
Flexion and extension
(b) Hinge joint
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Figure 9.8b
Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
• Pivot joints
• Classified as uniaxial – rotating bone only turns
around its long axis
• Examples
• Proximal radioulnar joint
• Joint between atlas and axis
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Pivot Joint
Vertical
axis
Ulna
Radius
Rotation
(c) Pivot joint
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Figure 9.8c
Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
• Condyloid joints
• Allow moving bone to travel
• Side to side—abduction-adduction
• Back and forth—flexion-extension
• Classified as biaxial—movement occurs around
two axes
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Condyloid Joint
Biaxial movement
Phalanges
Anterior/
posterior
axis
Medial/
lateral
axis
Metacarpals
(d) Condyloid joint
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Flexion and
extension
Adduction and
abduction
Figure 9.8d
Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
• Saddle joints
• Each articular surface has concave and convex
surfaces
• Classified as biaxial joints
• 1st carpometacarpal joint is a good example
• Allows opposition of the thumb
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Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
Metacarpal 1
Medial/
lateral
axis
Trapezium
Anterior/
posterior
axis
Adduction and
abduction
Flexion and
extension
(e) Saddle joint
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Figure 9.8e
Synovial Joints Classified by Shape
• Ball-and-socket joints
• Spherical head of one bone fits into round
socket of another
• Classified as multiaxial—allow movement in all
axes
• Shoulder and hip joints are examples
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Ball-and-Socket Joint
Multiaxial movement
Scapula
Medial/lateral
axis
Anterior/posterior
axis
Vertical
axis
Humerus
(f) Ball-and-socket joint
Flexion and
extension
PLAY
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Adduction
and abduction
Rotation
Movement of the
glenohumeral joint (a)
Figure 9.8f
Glenohumeral Joint- ball & socket
Acromion
of scapula
Glenoid labrum
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Fibrous
articular capsule
Synovial cavity
of the glenoid
cavity containing
synovial fluid
Hyaline
cartilage
Tendon
sheath
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
Tendon of
long head
of biceps
brachii muscle
Humerus
(a) Frontal section through right shoulder joint
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Figure 9.11a, b
Glenohumeral Joint
• The rotator cuff is made up of four muscles
and their associated tendons
• Subscapularis
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor
• Rotator cuff injuries are common shoulder
injuries
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Structures of the Scapula
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Superior border
Superior
angle
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Inferior angle
Figure 8.2a
Structures of the Scapula
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid process
Acromion
Superior
angle
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle
Infraspinous
fossa
Medial border
Lateral border
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
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Figure 8.2b
Glenohumeral Joint
1 Coracohumeral
ligament
2 Glenohumeral
Ligament
Posterior view, right
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Glenohumeral Joint
Acromion
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Coracohumeral
ligament
Greater
tubercle
of humerus
Transverse
humeral
ligament
Tendon sheath
Tendon of
long head
of biceps
brachii
muscle
Coracoid
process
Articular
capsule
reinforced by
glenohumeral
ligaments
Subscapular
bursa
Tendon of the
subscapularis
muscle
Scapula
(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule
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Figure 9.11c
Elbow Joint- hinge
Articular
capsule
Synovial
membrane
Humerus
Synovial cavity
Articular cartilage
Fat pad
Tendon of
triceps
muscle
Bursa
Coronoid process
Tendon of
brachialis muscle
Ulna
Trochlea
Humerus
Articular cartilage
of the trochlear
notch
(a) Mid-sagittal section through right elbow (lateral view)
Anular
ligament
Radius
Lateral
epicondyle
Articular
capsule
Radial
collateral
ligament
Olecranon
process
Ulna
(b) Lateral view of right elbow joint
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Figure 9.12a, b
Elbow Joint
Humerus
Anular
ligament
Medial
epicondyle
Radius
Articular
capsule
Articular
capsule
Anular
ligament
Coronoid
process
Ulnar
collateral
ligament
Radius
Coronoid
process of
ulna
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Medial
epicondyle
Ulnar
collateral
ligament
Ulna
Ulna
(c) Cadaver photo of medial view of right elbow
Humerus
(d) Medial view of right elbow
Figure 9.12c, d
Elbow Joint
1 Lateral (radial) collateral
ligament
2 Medial (ulnar) collateral
Ligament
Medial view, left
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Hip Joint- ball & socket
1 Iliofemoral ligament
2 Ischiofemoral ligament
3 Pubofemoral ligament
Anterior view, right
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Frontal Section and Anterior View of the Hip
Joint
Coxal (hip) bone
Articular cartilage
Acetabular labrum
Ligament of the
head of the femur
(ligamentum teres)
Femur
Synovial cavity
Articular capsule
(a) Frontal section through the right hip joint
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Figure 9.14a,
Posterior View of the Hip Joint
Iliofemoral
ligament
Ischium
Ischiofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
of femur
(c) Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in
place
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Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Iliofemoral
ligament
Pubofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
(d) Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
Figure 9.14c, d
Knee Joint- Hinge
1. Patellar Ligament
2. Lateral (Fibular)
Collateral
Ligament
3. Medial (Tibial)
Collateral
Ligament
4. Anterior Cruciate
Ligament
5. Posterior Ligament
6. Medial Meniscus
7. Lateral Meniscus
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Anterior View of Flexed Knee
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Lateral
condyle
of femur
Lateral
meniscus
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Medial condyle
Tibial collateral
ligament
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Medial meniscus
Medial femoral
condyle
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Tibia
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Patella
Quadriceps
tendon
(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate
ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps
tendon cut and reflected distally)
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Medial meniscus
on medial tibial
condyle
Patella
(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)
Figure 9.15e, f
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