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Definitions
• Infection control
• Infectious disease
• Pathogens
Signs and Symptoms of
Infections
• Generalized or systemic
– Affecting whole body
• Localized
– Affecting one area of body
Question
• Which of the following may be signs or symptoms
of a localized infection?
A. Fever, headache, and increased pulse rate
B. Vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue
C. Red, swollen, draining wound
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Answer
• C. Red, swollen, draining wound
• Localized
– Affecting one area of body
– Signs and symptoms:
• Red, swollen, and warm to touch area
• Drainage
• Pain
Microbes
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Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Rickettsia
Protozoa
Video
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Question
• True or False:
– Protozoa are the smallest of the microbes.
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Answer
• False
• Viruses
– Smallest microbes
Chain of Infection
Defense Mechanisms
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Cilia
Cough and sneeze
Tears
Hydrochloric acid
Mucous membranes
Rise in body temperature
Increase in leukocytes
Scope of the Problem
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Nosocomial infection
Industrial illness
Needlestick injuries
Handwashing
– Most important procedure for preventing health
care-acquired infections
Infection Control
• Regulatory agencies
– CDC
– OSHA
Question
• True or False:
– A patient is admitted to the hospital for an infected
leg. This would be called a nosocomial infection.
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Answer
• False
• Nosocomial infection
– Infection occurs while patient receiving health care
Asepsis
• Asepsis
– Also known as aseptic technique
• Medical asepsis
– Clean technique
• Surgical asepsis
– Sterile technique
How to Break Chain
• Decrease source of microorganisms
– Wash hands
– Decontaminate surfaces and equipment
– Avoid contact when contagious
• Prevent transmission of microorganisms
– Wear personal protective equipment (PPE)
– Follow isolation precautions
(continued)
How to Break Chain
• Maximize resistance
– Provide good hygiene
– Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake
– Decrease stressors that weaken immune
response
Standard Precautions
• Follow at all times
• Potential fluid sources of microbes:
– Blood
– Body fluids, secretions, and excretions
• Except sweat
– Nonintact skin
(continued)
Standard Precautions
• Potential fluid sources of microbes:
– Mucous membranes
– Any identified body fluids
• Handwashing
• PPE
• Patient-care equipment
(continued)
Isolation
• Transmission-based precautions
– Airborne
– Droplet
– Contact
• Neutropenic
• Consequences to patient, staff, and visitors
• Impact on facility
Question
• Which of the following activities is the most
critical in preventing the spread of infections?
A. Wearing gloves
B. Wiping down surfaces
C. Handwashing
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Answer
• C. Handwashing
• Number one prevention tool:
– Good handwashing
Methods to Inhibit or Destroy
Microbes
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Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal or germicidal
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Sterilization
Risks
• Blood-borne pathogens
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Hepatitis B
HIV
Tuberculosis (TB)
Drug-resistant infections
Drug-Resistant Organisms
• Developed from overuse of antibiotics
• Developed from patients who do not complete
antibiotic treatment
(continued)
Drug-Resistant Organisms
• Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
– Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA)
– Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA)
• Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
Reporting Exposure
• Must immediately report any exposure to blood
or body fluids
• Write incident or injury report
• Refer to Exposure Control Plan