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What makes a civilization? Classical River Valley Civilizations Chronology / Timeline Civilization One way to look at the past is on a timeline. A timeline has What is a civilization? A civilization is a when people create dates in order. A timeline is also called a chronology. A ways to organize their community. A civilization has: chronology helps us understand what happened in the past. The events are in order. This is a chronology: ü Religion / Beliefs ü Agriculture ü Government ü Social classes (different pay for different jobs) 2010: 2013: 1998: 2003: 2008: ü Art and architecture (buildings) Middle High Born School Moved ü Cities School School ü Different jobs (Divisions of labor) ü Communication (writing) ü Roads, bridges, buildings CE (Common Era) (after year 1) Archeology / Archeologist / Artifacts Four Classical Civilizations Archeology is the study of past human life and artifacts. Four classical or ancient (old) civilizations are (1) the Nile River Artifacts are objects made by people in the past. An archeologist in Egypt, (2) the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley in is a person who studies civilizations and people who lived in the Mesopotamia, (3) the Indus River Valley in India / Pakistan and past. They find tools, buildings, art, toys, dishes, clothes, and the (4) Hueng He or Yellow River Valley in China. The other artifacts to learn about the people. We learn about civilizations grew along rivers. classical civilizations from archeologists. 1 Religion / Beliefs Agriculture / Farming Agriculture is planting crops (vegetables, fruit, rice, corn, wheat) Religion is what people do to worship god or gods. Beliefs are and raising animals for food. Some people are farmers. something you think are good or true. 7000 BCE: First crops are planted 5000 BCE: Rice planted in China 4000 BCE: Farming started in Europe. 3000 BCE: Farming of corn in the Americas. BCE: Before Common Era (before the year 1) Religion in Classical Egypt and the Indus Valley Classical Egypt had 28 gods and goddesses. Re (Ra) is the god of the sun and the creator of humans. People in the Indus Valley worshiped a mother goddess and a father god. They believed in a tree of life and magic. Agriculture / Food in Mesopotamia and China People in Mesopotamia grew peas, beans, cucumbers, lettuce, grapes, apples melons, figs and dates. The most important crops were wheat and barley. Chinese civilization was the first to grow rice. Rice needs water. They irrigated or watered the land. They had iron plows and water wheels. 2 Government Government is a group of people that make laws or rules. If people do not follow the rules may be punished or hurt. Government in Mesopotamia and China The government in Mesopotamia had a king and nobles. They made the laws, declared war and told people how to honor the gods. There was an assembly of the people. They could say a law was bad and stop it. The government in China believed in the “Mandate of Heaven.” The leader had authority or power to rule from the gods. The gods decided who had power. The emperor ruled the nobles. The nobles ruled the slaves. Social Class A social class is a group of people from the same group. People in the group have the same job, role or power. People live in the same type of home or neighborhood. People “on top” have more power. They are the “ruling class.” China, 1027 – 221 BCE Social Class in Classical Egypt and the Indus Valley Social Class was organized like a pyramid or a triangle. In Egypt, gods were at the top. The pharaoh or king had all power over the people. In the Indus River Valley, the gods were at the top. The priests and king had all the power over the people. People could not change their social class. You had the same social class as your parents. Egypt Indus River Valley King Cheng of the Zhou 3 Art and Architecture (buildings) Art is drawings, painting, jewelry, pottery, and sculpture. Architecture is buildings. Art and Architecture (buildings) in China and Egypt China Art in China started in 5000 BCE. People decorated bones, stones, and pottery. 2500 years ago, Chinese paintings had patterns or designs but not pictures. Egypt City / Cities A city is a place where many people live and work. People stay in one place. The first city was Uruk in Mesopotamia. Uruk had 50,000 people in 3000 BCE. Trade is important in cities. City / Cities in the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia Indus Valley Most Indus Valley people were farmers. They did not live in cities. The people in cities lived in mud-brick homes. The cities had walls, roads and wells. MohenjoDaro was the biggest city. Mesopotamia Uruk was rich because of farming. The most famous king was Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a myth about his superhuman strength. Pyramids were tombs. The tombs were for the king and his family. Religious buildings were next to the pyramids. 4 Different Jobs (Division of Labor / Work) People had different jobs. For example, people were farmers, soldiers, servants, engineers, carpenters, bakers, and metal workers. Different Jobs in the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia Indus Valley Indus Valley people had different jobs. They wove cotton into clothes and bags. They ground grains into flour. City workers made beads, fishing nets, pots and baskets. Mesopotamia When people in Mesopotamia built cities, there were different jobs. People were priests, scribes (writers), merchants, weavers, soldiers, and laborers (workers). The farmers and laborers did hard work. Some people were slaves. Rich people and the king had slaves. Communication People started writing to save information. The first writing was pictures or symbols. People wrote about how they lived. People wrote about what they believed Communication / Writing in Egypt and China Egypt Egyptians wrote information about religion, history and government. Hieroglyphics is ancient Egyptian writing. They wrote on papyrus. Papyrus is from a plant. It is like paper. China There are many different dialects or ways of speaking Chinese. To help people communicate, they used pictures or characters for whole words. Chinese writing has over 3000 characters. 5 Roads and Buildings Roads, bridges, and buildings help people move and live. Roads and bridges let people move products from the rivers to their homes and businesses. Public buildings were for government and religion. Roads and Buildings in the Indus Valley and China China Indus Valley In China, they built new roads, Walls were around all cities in palaces and temples. The the Indus Valley. City streets Chinese traded along the roads were on a grid. The houses had and rivers. The Great Wall of drains. The drains carried dirty China was built in 260 BCE. water outside of the homes. Roads and Buildings in Mesopotamia and Egypt Egypt Most Egyptians traveled on the Nile River. There were short roads. There were maps with roads. Mesopotamia In Mesopotamia, a few roads were made with stones. The people built big buildings with bricks. The buildings were to make the gods happy and show the ruler’s power. grid 6 7