Download Chapter 7 8th Edition

Chapter Opener 7
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Figure 7.1
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Figure 7.1a
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Figure 7.1b
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Figure 7.1c
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Figure 7.1d
Surface area of a cube (SA)
Figure 7.2
Surface area (SA)
10
Surface area/Volume
(SA:V)
1
0.1
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1.0
Volume of a cube (V)
10
Figure 7.3
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Figure 7.3a
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Figure 7.3b
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Figure 7.3c
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Figure 7.4
Figure 7.4a
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Figure 7.4b
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Figure 7.5
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Figure 7.5a
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Figure 7.5b
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Figure 7.5c
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Figure 7.5d
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Figure 7.5e
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Figure 7.5f
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Figure 7.5g
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Figure 7.6
Omasum
Stomach
Cud
Small
intestine
Rumen
Reticulum
Caecum
Abomasum
Small intestine
(b) Ruminant
Colon
Stomach
(a) Nonruminant herbivore
Caecum
Crop
Gizzard
Colon
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
(d) Carnivorous animal
(c) Bird
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Figure 7.6a
Stomach
Caecum
Small intestine
Colon
(a) Nonruminant herbivore
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Figure 7.6b
Omasum
Cud
Small
intestine
Rumen
Reticulum
Abomasum
(b) Ruminant
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Figure 7.6c
Crop
Gizzard
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
(c) Bird
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Figure 7.6d
Stomach
Caecum
Colon
(d) Carnivorous animal
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Figure 7.7
Air sacs
Tracheae
Spiracle
(a) Insect
Inhalation
Inhalation
Cycle 2
Cycle 1
Anterior
air sacs
Lungs
Lungs
Anterior
air sacs
Posterior
air sacs
Posterior
air sacs
Exhalation
Exhalation
(b) Bird lung
Blood vessel
Lamella
Artery
Vein
Water
(c) Each fish gill
has two rows of
filaments.
Gill
filaments
(d) Gill filament
Water
150 120
90
60
30
140 110
80
50
20
Blood
(e) Water and blood flow through lamellae
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Figure 7.7a
Air sacs
Tracheae
(a) Insect
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Spiracle
Figure 7.7b
Inhalation
Inhalation
Cycle 2
Cycle 1
Anterior
air sacs
Lungs
Posterior
air sacs
Exhalation
(b) Bird lung
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Anterior
air sacs
Lungs
Posterior
air sacs
Exhalation
Figure 7.7c
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Blood vessel
(c) Each fish gill
has two rows of
filaments.
Gill
filaments
Figure 7.7d
Lamella
Artery
Vein
Water
(d) Gill filament
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Figure 7.7e
Water
150 120
90
60
30
140 110
80
50
20
Blood
(e) Water and blood flow through lamellae
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Unnumbered Figure 1 Pg. 128
Field Box 7.1
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Field Box 7.2
Stomach contents mass (g)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
Algae blade length (mm)
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5
6
Field Box 7.3
100
Survival (%)
Santa Fe
50
Genovesa
0
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155
215
275
335
Size classes (mm)
395
Field Box 7.4
Mean survival time (years)
4
n = 258
n = 305
n = 47
>0
0 to –20
–21 to –60
3
2
1
0
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Change in body length 1992–1993 (mm)
Figure 7.8
Body temperature
increases above
set point, activates
cooling mechanism
Body temperature
decreases below
set point, activates
warming mechanism
Pituitary
Pituitary
Thyroid
Thyroid
Less
metabolic
heat
More
metabolic
heat
Hypothalamus
(set point
36.1–37.8)
Voluntary
nervous system
Seeks shade,
slows activity
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Involuntary
nervous system
Involuntary
nervous system
Sweating,
blood rises to
skin surface
Muscle shivering
generates heat,
skin blood vessels
constrict and reduce
heat loss
Voluntary
nervous system
Increases activity;
seeks shelter or
sunlight; burrows,
huddles, or hibernates
Figure 7.9
Environment
Ta
Muscle and fat
Body core
Tb
L
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Body
surface
Ts
Quantifying Box 7.1
D z = 10 cm or 0.1 m
Temperature at surface
(T0) = 15°C or 288 K
Body
Temperature at 10 cm
(or 0.1 m) depth
(T10) = 35°C or 308 K
Hconduction = –k  (T10 – T0)/length
Hconduction = – 1.25  (308 – 288)/0.1
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Hconduction = 250 W/m2
Quantifying Box 7.2
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Quantifying Box 7.2a
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Quantifying Box 7.2b
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Figure 7.10
(a)
40
30
20
10
Metabolic rate
(arbitrary units)
Body temperature (°C)
10
0
0
10 20 30 40
Ambient temperature (°C)
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8
6
4
2
0
(b)
0
10 20 30 40
Body temperature (°C)
Body temperature (°C)
Figure 7.10a
(a)
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40
30
20
10
0
0
10 20 30 40
Ambient temperature (°C)
10
Metabolic rate
(arbitrary units)
Figure 7.10b
8
6
4
2
0
(b)
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10 20 30 40
0
Body temperature (°C)
Figure 7.11
70
Thamnophis elegans
T0max
Temperature (°C)
60
50
40
Snake
30
T0min
20
10
0
–10
0
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3
6
9
12
15
Hour of day
18
21
24
Figure 7.12
14°C
30°C
17°C
18°C
16°C
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Figure 7.13
Oxygen consumption (cm3/hr)
106
Elephant
105
Human
104
Cat
103
102
10
Squirrel
Mouse
0.01
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Dog
0.1
1
10
100
Body mass (kg)
1000
Resting metabolic rate
Figure 7.14
Lower
critical
temperature
Upper
critical
temperature
Thermoneutral
zone
Ambient temperature
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Figure 7.15
8
Shrew
Mass specific oxygen consumption
(liter O2/kg/hr)
7
6
5
4
3
Harvest
mouse
2
Kangaroo
mouse
Cactus
mouse
Mouse
Rat
Sheep
Rabbit
1
Cat
Flying squirrel
0
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0.01
0.1
1
10
Body mass (kg)
Dog
Horse
Man
100
Elephant
1000
Figure 7.16
37°C
16°C
32°C
18°C
28°C
21°C
24°C
(a)
37°C
36°C
(b)
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29°C
28°C
22°C
15°C
21°C
Figure 7.16a
37°C
16°C
(a)
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32°C
18°C
28°C
21°C
24°C
Figure 7.16b
37°C
36°C
(b)
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29°C
28°C
22°C
15°C
21°C
Figure 7.17
Artery
Veins
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Figure 7.18
(a)
Cooled
venous
blood
Cooled
arterial
blood
Brain
Evaporation
(b)
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Warmed
arterial
blood
Figure 7.18a
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Figure 7.18b
Cooled
venous
blood
Cooled
arterial
blood
Brain
Evaporation
(b)
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Warmed
arterial
blood
Figure 7.19
N
Masai
Mara
Aug
Sept
Kenya
Oct
Tanzania
Nov
Jul
Serengeti National Park
Jun
Lake
Natron
Dec
May
Jan
(a)
Apr
Ngorongoro
Feb Conservation
Area
Maswa
Game
Preserve
Mar
Lake Eyasi
(b)
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Lake
Manyara
Figure 7.19a
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Figure 7.19b
Masai
Mara
N
Aug
Sept
Kenya
Oct
Tanzania
Nov
Jul
Serengeti National Park
Jun
Lake
Natron
Dec
May
Jan
Apr
Ngorongoro
Feb Conservation
Area
Maswa
Game
Preserve
Mar
Lake Eyasi
(b)
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Lake
Manyara
Figure 7.20
Gas bladder
Heart
Liver Stomach Intestine
(a)
Liver
Esophagus
(b)
Intestine
Stomach
Blubber
Body
cavity
(c)
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Figure 7.20a
Gas bladder
Heart
Liver Stomach Intestine
(a)
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Figure 7.20b
Liver
Esophagus
(b)
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Intestine
Stomach
Figure 7.20c
Blubber
Body
cavity
(c)
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Figure 7.21
Parietal
eye
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Figure 7.22
8:00
Time of day (CST)
7:30
7:00
6:30
6:00
5:30
5:00
4:30
4:00
J
F
M A
M
J
J
A
Month
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S
O N
D
J
Figure 7.23
Day number
50
0
50
2
0
50
0
50
4
0
Spontaneous activity (bouts/hour)
50
0
50
6
0
50
0
50
8
0
50
0
50
10
0
50
0
0
0
0
12
14
0
16
0
6
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12
18
6
24
Time (hours)
12
18