Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Blood Transports substances Maintains homeostasis Type of CT composed of cells w/in a noncellular matrix Hematophobia= fear of blood Blood and Blood Cells 2 components 1. cells (rbc, wbc, platelets) 45% 2. Plasma (water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste) 55% Hematocrit- volume of blood cells in a sample, should be 45%. The remaining fluid is plasma 55%. 3 types of blood cells Red blood cells- erythrocytes White blood cells- leukocytes Platelets- therombocytes Red Blood Cells Biconcave shape 5 mil/ cubic millimeter Lacking nuceli Do not divide Formed in bone marrow= Hemotopoeisis Live 120 days phagocytized by liver and spleen RBC Function Transports O₂ throughout body, picks up CO₂ Hemoglobin= molecule which combines with O₂ to transport it Oxygen Levels Oxyhemoglobin- oxygen rich- bright red Deoxyhemoglobin-not carrying O₂- bluish red Elements Critical to RBC Production Folic Acid Vitamin B12 Iron- needed to synthesize hemoglobin Anemia= too few RBC Erythropoietin secreted by kidneys stimulates RBC formation White Blood Cells Function- defend the body against disease- causing agents Granulocytes- granular cytoplasm Agranulocytes- lacking granular cytoplasm Granulocytes- 3 types 1. Neutrophils- very active in phagocytosis of bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds 60% WBC- most common 2. Eosinophils- attack parasites Control allergic reaction 2 % WBC 3. Basophiles- produce Heparin(prevents blood clots) Produces Histamine(causes inflammatory reaction) 1% WBC Agranulocytes- 2 1. Monocytes- precursors of macrophates Phagocytosis- bacteria, debris, other cells 6% WBC 2. Lymphocytes- main constituents of the immune system which is a defense against the attack of pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protista Yield antibodies/ arrange them on their membrane 30% WBC Platelets (thrombocytes) Help initiate formation of blood clots, close breaks in damaged vessels Arise from cell in bone marrow called megakaryocytes These cells fragment and release small sections (platelets) of cytoplasm into circulation Less that ½ the size of a red blood vessel HOMEWORK Pg 530 1-3 Pg 533 1-3 Pg 534 1-2 Pg 537 1 Pg 539 2-4 Blood Plasma Liquid portion of blood 92% water Transport nutrients, gases , vitamins, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and pH Plasma Proteins 1. Albumins- made in liver , maintain osmotic pressure and blood volume(blood pressure) 2. Globulins- 3 groups: alpha, beta, gamma Alpha& Beta- from liver, transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins Gamma- from lymphatic tissues, antibodies for immunity 3. Fibrinogen- from liver, largest molecules of plasma proteins- important for blood clotting. Major event in blood clotting is the change of fibrogen into fibrin. Hemostasis Process of stopping bleeding Coagulation causes the formation of blood clots 3 key events 1. Blood vessel spasm- damaged vessels stimulate muscle tissue in wall of blood vessels to contract. Slows or stops blood flow, lasts several minutes. Platelets release serotonin, a vasoconstrictor which maintains the muscle spasm longer Platelet plug formation- platelets stick to surfaces of damaged blood vessels and to each other to form a plug 3. Blood coagulation- most effective, forms a blood clot(hemotoma) . Injury causes an increase in the release of coagulants. Main event- conversion of fibrinogen into long protein threads called fibrin. Tissue damage= production of prothrombin activator Prothrombin- converted to thrombin Thrombin acts as a enzyme to cause change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which trap platelets and blood cells to form a hemotoma Thrombus= blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel Embolus= clot moves and becomes lodged in another place Coagulation- thickening of blood to form a clot http://www.dnatube.com/video/2680/Hemostasis Blood Diseases Anemia- iron deficiency Sickle Cell Anemia- genetic disorder Sickle shaped blood cells Pain, lethargy, organ failure, stroke Leukemia- type of cancer Overproduction of wbc- take place of rbc treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, radiation Infectious Mononuclosis Mono viral infection Blood Poisoning- Septicemia infection enters blood stream- can be deadly treated with antibiotics Thrombocytopenia- low production of platelets Bleeding and bruising Hemophila- genetic disorder Failure of blood to clot Treated with blood transfusions that include clotting agents Hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome Females XH XH normal XH Xh carrier Xh Xh hemophiliac Males X HY normal X h Y hemophiliac HEART Systemic Circulations- delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste Pulmonary circulation- eliminates CO₂ and oxygenates blood (lung pathway) Structure of The Heart Heart Size – about 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist). Located in the mediastinum The distal end of the heart is called the apex. Coverings of Heart Pericardium- encloses the heart (like a bag) Visceral- inner Parietal- (outer, attached to diaphragm, sternum and vertebrae) Pericardial cavity- contains fluid for the heart to float in, reducing friction Wall of Heart Epicardium – outer layer, reduces friction Myocardium – middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle Endocardium – thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart Heart Chambers and Valves Your heart is a double pump. Circulation is a double circuit: Pulmonary (lungs only) Systemic (rest of the body) Heart has 4 chambers: 2 Atria – thin upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart through veins.. Right and Left Atrium 2 Ventricles – thick, muscular lower chambers. Receive blood from the atria above them. Force (pump) blood out of the heart through arteries. Right and left ventricle. Septum – separates the right and left sides of the heart Valves of the Heart – allow one-way flow of blood. 4 total 2 Atrioventricular Valves (AV) bicuspid valve or mitral valve- Between left atrium and ventricle tricuspid valve- Between right atrium and ventricle 2 semilunar Valves Aortic Semilunar – or just aortic valve. Between the left ventricle and the aorta Pulmonary Semilunar, or just pulmonary valve. Between the left ventricle and the aorta Arteries/Veins Superior and Inferior Vena Cava- lead to right atrium carrying deoxygenated blood from all parts of body. Pulmonary Trunk- divides into left/right pulmonary arteries Pulmonary Arteries- carry deoxygenated blood to lungs Pulmonary Veins- bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium Aorta- large artery carrying oxygenated blood to body from left ventricle Path of Blood through Heart 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through the vena cava Deoxygenated Blood moves into the right ventricle Deoxygenated Blood goes out the pulmonary arteries and heads to the lungs Oxygenated Blood returns from lungs and enters the left atrium Oxygenated Blood moves into the left ventricle Oxygenated blood moves out of the left ventricle through the aorta and to the body Superior vena cava Inferior Vena Cava http://www.mydr.com.au/heart-stroke/animation- how-your-heart-pumps http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/h hw_pumping.html http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12504 Skeleton of the Heart- dense connective tissue holding the heart and valves in place Name the Valves The cusps (flaps) of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous “cords” called chordae tendineae, which attach to the wall by papillary muscles. This prevents the valves from being pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole. Heart Actions Cardiac Cycle: One complete heartbeat. The contraction of a heart chamber is called systole and the relaxation of a chamber is called diastole.