Download Unit 4 Objectives

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
UNIT 4 OBJECTIVES
Chapter 7
1. Describe and give examples of each of the following bones: long, short, flat,
irregular, sesamoid.
2. Identify and describe each of the following parts of a long bone: epiphyses,
diaphysis, periosteum, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, endosteum, compact
bone, cancellous (spongy) bone, red marrow, yellow marrow.
3. Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone tissue, including these terms in
your description: osteon, Haversian (central) canal, lacunae, osteocytes, lamellae,
canaliculi.
4. Describe the microscopic structure of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue, including
these terms in your description: trabeculae, spaces, lacunae, osteocytes.
5. How does cancellous bone tissue affect a bone’s weight?
6. What do intramembranous bones develop from? Give examples of intramembranous
bones.
7. Describe intramembranous ossification.
8. What do endochondral bones develop from? Give examples of endochondral bones.
9. Describe the growth of an endochondral bone.
10. Distinguish between osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
11. What is the epiphseal plate? How does it affect a bone’s growth? At what average
age is ossification complete?
12. How does a bone’s growth in thickness occur?
13. How does a deficiency of Vitamin A affect bone development? Vitamin C? Vitamin
D?
14. How does a deficiency of pituitary growth hormone affect bone development?
excessive secretion?
15. How does a deficiency of thyroid hormone affect bone development?
16. How do male and female sex hormones affect bone development?
17. How does exercise affect bone development?
18. List 4 major bone functions.
19. Define hematopoiesis, hydroxyapatite, fontanels, sutures.
20. What abnormal substances may accumulate in bone?
21. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
22. Name the 4 normal curvatures of the vertebral column.
23. Distinguish between these disorders of the vertebral column: kyphosis, lordosis,
scoliosis, herniated disk.
24. 24. How does aging affect a person’s intervertebral disks?
25. Describe the differences in male and female pelves.
Chapter 8
1. Distinguish between and give examples of immovable (synarthrosis), slightly
movable (amphiarthrosis), and freely movable (diarthrosis or synovial) joints.
2. Define: joint capsule, ligament, meniscus, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursa.
3. For each of the following synovial joints, describe the movement and give examples:
ball and socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle.
4. Describe each of these body movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension,
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction,
supination, pronation, eversion, inversion, elevation, depression, protraction,
retraction.