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Score Analysis – Dynamics RELATIVE LEVELS OF LOUDNESS ∏ p Pianississimo Extremely soft. Very infrequently does one see softer dynamics than this, which are specified with additional s. π Pianissimo Very soft. Usually the softest indication in a piece of music. p Piano Soft; louder than pianissimo. P Mezzo piano Moderately soft; louder than piano. F Mezzo forte Moderately loud; softer than forte. If no dynamic appears, mezzo-forte is assumed to be f ƒ Ï the prevailing dynamic level. Forte Loud. Used as often as piano to indicate contrast. Fortissimo Very loud. Usually the loudest indication in a piece. Fortississimo Extremely loud. Very infrequently does one see louder dynamics than this, which are specified with additional s. f SUDDEN CHANGES IN VOLUME AND ACCENTED NOTES ß Sforzando (also S sforzato, Z forzando or forzato) Literally “forced”, denotes an abrupt, fierce accent on a single sound or chord. When written out in full, it applies to the sequence of sounds or chords under or over which it is placed. Ç Sforzando piano An abrupt accent with marked emphasis, then immediately soft. Í Forte-piano A section of music in which the music should initially be played loudly (forte), then immediately softly (piano). sub. Subito Suddenly. This term may precede another dynamic marking; for example: sub. indicate “suddenly soft.” p would GRADUAL CHANGES IN VOLUME < Crescendo or cresc. A gradual increase in volume. Can be extended under many notes to indicate that the volume steadily increases during the passage. > Diminuendo, dim., decrescendo, decresc. A gradual decrease in volume. Can be extended in the same manner as crescendo. calando decreasing; becoming smaller. morendo dying away. sotto voce in an undertone almost whispered or unvoiced. dal niente from nothing; out of silence. al niente to nothing; fade to silence. Sometimes written as: >n