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Transcript
Jenny Yin Endocrine System ● Maintain homeostasis ● Local Hormones Diffuse to Nearby Target Cells ● Hormones of the Endocrine System Are Transported by the Circulatory System ● Hormones Bind to Specific Receptors on Target Cells ● Hormone Release Is Regulated by Feedback Mechanisms ● Mammals Have Both Exocrine and Endocrine Glands ● The Hypothalamus Controls the Secretions of the Pituitary Gland ● Hypothalamic Hormones Control the Anterior Pituitary ● The Anterior Pituitary Produces and Releases a Variety of Hormones ● The Posterior Pituitary Releases Hormones Produced by Cells in the Hypothalamus ● The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Influence Metabolism and Calcium Levels ● The Pancreas Is Both an Exocrine and an Endocrine Gland ● The Sex Organs Secrete Steroid Hormones ● The Adrenal Glands Have Two Parts That Secrete Different Hormones ● Other Sources of Hormones Include the Pineal Gland, Thymus, Kidneys, Heart, Digestive Tract, and Fat Cells ● The hypothalamus contains neurosecretory cells, which produce hormones that are either transported to the posterior pituitary and released into the bloodstream or are transported to the anterior pituitary to stimulate or prevent the secretion of hormones from the endocrine cells there. ● The posterior pituitary is not a true endocrine gland because it does not produce the hormones released from this area. ● The hypothalamic hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are released from the posterior pituitary and are transported to their target tissues in the body, where they control lactation and water balance, respectively. ● The anterior pituitary produces and releases its own hormones, under the control of the hypothalamus. These hormones travel to the rest of the body and either stimulate the release of hormones from other endocrine glands or act directly on tissues of the body. ● The posterior pituitary is not a true endocrine gland because: ● The posterior pituitary does not produce the hormones that it releases, and therefore is not considered a true endocrine gland. ● Secretions from which of the following endocrine glands is controlled by releasing or inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus? ● Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus control hormone secretion in the anterior pituitary. ● Hypothalamic hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, that act directly on tissues of the body, must be released from which part of the pituitary? ● Correct: The posterior pituitary does not produce its own hormones. Hormones from the hypothalamus are released from this site ● How do hormones from the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary gland? ● The releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus travel a short distance from one capillary bed in the hypothalamus to a second capillary bed in the pituitary. ● Most peptide or amino acid hormones must bind to a receptor located in the plasma membrane, because they are lipid insoluble--they cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane. ● That binding activates an enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP), a second messenger. ● Cyclic AMP initiates a cascade of reactions within the cell, which results in the conversion of reactant molecules into specific products. ● Most steroid hormones bind to a receptor located inside the cell--in many cases, inside the nucleus. Being lipid soluble, steroid hormones can diffuse easily into their target cells. ● That binding produces an active hormone-receptor complex, which will then bind to a DNA molecule in the nucleus. ● That action stimulates the expression of a specific gene and facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region of the gene. ● Transcription leads to the production of a specific protein. ● The ultimate product is determined by the specific hormone and by the type of target cell. Jenny Yin ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● If you wanted to design a drug that could pass across a cell membrane and have an effect on activity inside the cell, what characteristic should you give it? Lipid-soluble molecules are able to pass across membranes because they can mix with the phospholipids found in the membrane. Steroid hormones exert their action by: Being lipid soluble, steroid hormones can cross the plasma and nuclear membrane of a cell, where they may exert their effect on the expression of genes after binding to an internal receptor. What represents the "first messenger" when the mechanism of action for a hormone involves the production of a "second messenger"? The hormone is considered the "first messenger" and when it binds to its specific receptor, a second messenger such as cAMP will be produced. Insulin is a small (51 amino acid) protein that is produced by the pancreas, which signals the body's cells to take up glucose from the blood. Where do you think the insulin receptor is located in the cell? Being a peptide hormone, insulin is not lipid soluble and therefore it must utilize a membrane receptor and a second messenger system. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone What hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce its hormones? adenohypophysis What gland produces TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, and PRL? adrenal medulla What gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine? aldosterone What hormone raises levels of sodium in the blood? antidiuretic hormone What hormone causes the kidneys to conserve water by putting it back into the blood? calcitonin What hormone lowers the level of calcium in the blood? cortisol What hormone controls the body's long term response to stress? epinephrine What hormone stimulates the fight or flight response? estrogen What hormone controls the maturation of the oocyte into an egg cell? follicle stimulating hormone What pituitary gland hormone stimulates the gonads to produce gametes? glucagon What hormone raises blood glucose levels? gluconeogenesis The process of making glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids and fatty acids is _____________________. glycogenolysis The process of breaking down of glycogen in the liver in order to release glucose into the blood is ___________________. growth hormone What hormone stimulates mitosis in bone and muscle especially during childhood? hormonal The stimulus for production of thyroid hormone is __________ stimulation. humoral The stimulus for production of parathyroid hormone is __________ stimulation. hypothalamus What is the source of the releasing hormones that stimulate the adenohypophysis to release its hormones? Jenny Yin ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● insulin What hormone lowers blood glucose levels? luteinizing hormone What hormone causes the gonads to produce sex hormones? neural The stimulus for the release of ADH, oxytocin, and epinephrine is __________ stimulation. neurohypophysis What gland produces ADH and oxytocin? oxytocin What hormone stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction during labor? pancreas What gland produces insulin and glucagon? parathyroid What gland produces the hormone that raises blood calcium levels? parathyroid hormone What hormone raises the levels of calcium in the blood? prolactin What hormone stimulates milk production by the mammary glands? testosterone What hormone controls the development of sperm cells? thyroid What gland produces T3/T4 and calcitonin? thyroid hormone What is the body's major metabolic hormone? thyroid stimulating hormone What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone? thyroxine What is the chemical name of the T4 version of thyroid hormone? triiodothyronine What is the chemical name of the T3 version of thyroid hormone?