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Chapter Presentation
Transparencies
Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Use your cell phones to name each category of macromolecules.
1st = boxes
1.
3.
2.
4.
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Chapter 3
Biochemistry
Table of Contents
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Section 2 Molecules of Life
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Objectives
• Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
• Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological
molecules.
• Identify functional groups in biological molecules.
• Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and
broken down.
• Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to
drive chemical reactions.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding
• Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are
found in living things.
• Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
atoms.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding, continued
• Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds
with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The
carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide
variety of simple and complex organic compounds.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
• Functional groups are groups of atoms that
influence the properties of molecules and the
chemical reactions in which the molecules
participate.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Large Carbon Molecules
• Dehydration Synthesis reactions join monomers
(small simple molecules) to form polymers. A
condensation reaction releases water as a byproduct.
• In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split
polymers into monomers.
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Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Dehydration Synthesis and
Hydrolysis Reactions
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer
1
2
3
Short polymer
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes
a water molecule,
forming a new bond.
1
2
4
3
Longer polymer
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2
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Dehydration Synthesis and
Hydrolysis Reactions
(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
2
1
3
4
Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule,
breaking a bond.
1
2
3
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
• Functional groups are groups of atoms that
influence the properties of molecules and the
chemical reactions in which the molecules
participate.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Energy Currency
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases
energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to
function.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Comparing ADP and ATP
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Objectives
• Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and
polysaccharides.
• Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein
structure.
• Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.
• Compare the structure and function of each of the different
types of lipids.
• Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about
• 1C : 2H : 1O
• Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used
as structural materials in organisms.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, continued
• Monosaccharides
– Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called
monosaccharides.
Glucose
Fructose
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, continued
• Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
– Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar
called a disaccharide.
– A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of
three or more monosaccharides.
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Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
1–4
glycosidic
linkage
Carbohydrates, continued
1
4
• Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
– Two monosaccharides
join to form Maltose
a double sugar
Glucose
Glucose
called a disaccharide.
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
– A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of
three or more monosaccharides.
1–2
glycosidic
linkage
1
Glucose
2
Sucrose
Fructose
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
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Figure 5.8
Cellulose
microfibrils in a
plant cell wall
Cell wall
Microfibril
10 m
0.5 m
Cellulose
molecules
 Glucose
monomer
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Disaccharides
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins
• Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly
of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Proteins have many functions including structural,
defensive, and catalytic roles.
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Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins, continued
• Amino Acids
– Proteins are made up of monomers called amino
acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a
protein’s shape and function.
Side chain (R group)
 carbon
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
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Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins, continued
Amino Acids
Nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic
Side chain
(R group)
Glycine
(Gly or G)
Alanine
(Ala or A)
Methionine
(Met or M)
Leucine
(Leu or L)
Valine
(Val or V)
Phenylalanine
(Phe or F)
Tryptophan
(Trp or W)
Isoleucine
(Ile or I)
Proline
(Pro or P)
Polar side chains; hydrophilic
Serine
(Ser or S)
Threonine
(Thr or T)
Cysteine
(Cys or C)
Tyrosine
(Tyr or Y)
Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic
Asparagine
(Asn or N)
Glutamine
(Gln or Q)
Basic (positively charged)
Acidic (negatively charged)
Aspartic acid
(Asp or D)
Glutamic acid
(Glu or E)
Lysine
(Lys or K)
Arginine
Chapter
(Arg ormenu
R)
Histidine
(His or H)
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Amino Acid
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Dipeptides and Polypeptides
– Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to
form a dipeptide.
– A long chain of amino acids is called a
polypeptide.
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Figure 5.20a
Primary structure
Amino
acids
Proteins
Amino end
Primary structure of transthyretin
Carboxyl end
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Figure 5.20b
Proteins
Tertiary
structure
Secondary
structure
Quaternary
structure
 helix
Hydrogen bond
 pleated sheet
 strand
Hydrogen
bond
Transthyretin
protein
Transthyretin
polypeptide
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Heme
Proteins
Iron
 subunit
 subunit
 subunit
 subunit
Hemoglobin
Carboxyl end
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Structure of Proteins
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Enzymes
– Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind
to specific substrates.
– The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes
a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the
activation energy of the reaction.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Enzyme Activity
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids
• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and
are an important part of cell membranes.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Fats
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
• Fatty Acids
– Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched
carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end and
a hydrophobic end.
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Figure 5.11
Lipids, continued
Fatty Acids
(a) Saturated fat
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Space-filling
model of stearic
acid, a saturated
fatty acid
(b) Unsaturated fat
Structural
formula of an
unsaturated fat
molecule
Space-filling model
of oleic acid, an
unsaturated fatty
acid
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Cis double
bond
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causes bending.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Fatty Acids
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one
molecule of glycerol.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Phospholipids
Lipids, continued
Hydrophilic
head
WATER
Choline
Phosphate
• Phospholipids
Glycerol
– Phospholipids,
which make up cell membranes, consist of
Hydrophobic
two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
WATER
tail
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
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(b) Space-filling model
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(c) Phospholipid symbol
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
• Waxes
– A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined
to one long alcohol.
• Steroids
– A steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids
• A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic
molecule that stores and transports information.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Structure of Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
5 end
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
5C
3C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA)
Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
5C
1C
Phosphate
group
5C
3C
3C
Sugar
(pentose)
Guanine (G)
Adenine (A)
(b) Nucleotide
Sugars
3 end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
Ribose (in RNA)
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
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(c) Nucleoside components
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Nucleic Acids
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids, continued
• The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
contains genetic information for cell activities.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key
roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
DNA Overview
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not a function of
polysaccharides?
A. energy source
B. energy storage
C. structural support
D. storage of genetic information
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following is not a function of
polysaccharides?
A. energy source
B. energy storage
C. structural support
D. storage of genetic information
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements is false?
F. A wax is a lipid.
G. Starch is a lipid.
H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements is false?
F. A wax is a lipid.
G. Starch is a lipid.
H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary
information?
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. protein
D. carbohydrates
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary
information?
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. protein
D. carbohydrates
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that
stores sugars?
F. starch
G. protein
H. cellulose
J. glycogen
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that
stores sugars?
F. starch
G. protein
H. cellulose
J. glycogen
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
5. Which of the following
molecules make up the
basic structure of a cell
membrane?
A. waxes
B. steroids
C. fatty acids
D. phospholipids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
5. Which of the following
molecules make up the
basic structure of a cell
membrane?
A. waxes
B. steroids
C. fatty acids
D. phospholipids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
6. The “tails” of the molecules
in the figure orient away from
water. Which of the following
describes the tail’s
movement away from water?
F. polar
G. adhesive
H. hydrophilic
J. hydrophobic
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
6. The “tails” of the molecules
in the figure orient away from
water. Which of the following
describes the tail’s
movement away from water?
F. polar
G. adhesive
H. hydrophilic
J. hydrophobic
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below represents
the structural formula of a
molecule. Use the
figure to answer the question
that follows.
8. What is the name of the
functional group circled in the
structural formula?
F. amino
G. hydroxyl
H. phosphate
J. carboxyl
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below represents
the structural formula of a
molecule. Use the
figure to answer the question
that follows.
8. What is the name of the
functional group circled in the
structural formula?
F. amino
G. hydroxyl
H. phosphate
J. carboxyl
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Proteins are affected by environmental conditions
such as heat and pH.
Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be
reversed.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Proteins are affected by environmental conditions
such as heat and pH.
Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be
reversed.
Answer:
The heat that is added to the egg changes the bonds
in the proteins and other molecules that make up the
egg to such a large extent that the original protein
shape can no longer be distinguished.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Enzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells.
Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for
cell function.
Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme
action.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that are
involved in important cell processes.
Part B Bonding of the substrates to enzymes causes a
slight change in the enzyme’s shape, thereby
weakening some of the bonds and lowering activation
energy.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Energy Currency
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