Download Buck/Boost DC–DC Converter Topology with Soft Switching for PV

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
Buck/Boost DC–DC Converter Topology with Soft
Switching for PV Converter Stations
Dr. P. Sivaraman1, R. Manivannan2
1
Professor, Department of EEE, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam
2
PG Student, Department of EEE, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam
Abstract:This paper deals with a buck/boost dc–dc converter topologywith Soft Switching for PV converter stations. In power
electronic switches,soft switching is a possible way of reducing losses.Soft switching refers to the operation of power electronic switches
are zero-voltage switches (ZVS) or zero-current switches (ZCS).All the power electronic switching devices are below zero-current
switching during turn-on and zero-voltage switching during turn-off. In the converter, the switches is active undergo zero-capacitive
turn-on lossesunlike switches in other soft-switched topologies. The switches do not practice any over voltage/over current stress
proportional to load as in resonant converters. A detailed analysis of the DC-DC converter is discussed and simulation results obtained
are presented.
Keywords:Zero current switching (ZCS), Zero voltage switching (ZVS), PV panel, buck-boost converter, DC-DC converter
1. Introduction
Due to advancement in power electronics techniques, the
various types of renewable energy sources are solar energy
and wind energy have become very popular and difficult.
Photovoltaic (PV) sources are used in many applications.
Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is reducing
investment outlay because it does not need battery to store
energy. Additionally, the use of power electronic devices is
increasing and nonlinear loads to cause serious problems in
electric power systems. Hence, the technology that combines
PV grid connected generation and active filtering is
proposed. Both the PV grid-connected generation and active
filtering need to keep DC bus stable and the key of unified
control is generating the uniform current reference
accurately.
In buck-boost converter, the output voltage magnitude is
either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude.
The buck–boost converter is called DC-to-DC converter.
There are two different topologies in buck–boost converter.
One is inverting topology and another one is non-inverting
topology. Both of them can produce a range of output
voltages. The output voltage is opposite polarity than the
input. This is called a switched-mode power supply (SMPS)
with a same circuit topologies to the boost converter and the
buck converter.Based on the duty cycle of the switching
transistor,the output voltage is adjustable. The main problem
of this converter is that theswitch does not have a terminal at
ground and this complicates the driving circuitry. If the
power supply is isolated from the load circuit because the
supply and diode polarity can be reversed. The switch can be
on either the ground side or the supply side. The next
topology is a step-downconverter (buck) followed by a stepup converter (boost). The output voltage is of the same
polarity of the input, and can be lower or higher than the
input. A non-inverting buck-boost converter may use a
single inductor which is used for both the buck and the boost
inductors.
During the time of transition,Soft-switching forces either the
voltage or the current to be zero; therefore there is no
overlap between voltage, current andno switching loss.
There are two types of soft-switching one is zero-voltage
switching (ZVS) and another one is zero-current switching
(ZCS).The transistor turn-on transition occurs at zero
voltage is called asZero-voltage switching. Diodes may also
operate with.Zero-voltage switching removes the switching
loss induced by diode stored charge and devices output
capacitances. The transistor turn-off transition occurs at zero
current is known as the Zero-current switching. Zero-current
switching eliminates the switching loss caused by IGBT
current tailing and by stray inductances. The developed
converter is applied to boost the output of a PV panel. In
order to develop voltage less than or more than the input
voltage,the buck-boost version is selected.
2. Proposed Converter Operation
Fig. 1 shows the converter circuit developed for this
purpose. The converter aims to provide the ZVS (ZCS–
ZVS) to the main switch. This is done by adding auxiliary
devices to the converter. The auxiliary device is also needed
to switch under ZCS– ZVS by itself.In the creation of the
ZVS circuit,no additional switching loss will be occurring.
Figure 1: Proposed buck-boost converter
The sub-circuit formed by the auxiliary devices comprising
of S1, C1, D4, Lr and D3. Lr and C1 form the resonant tank
Paper ID: NOV162310
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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
to supply ZVS switching. From providing ZVS condition,
the path created by D3 and Lr is to remove the charge across
S2. During turn-off, C2 is added in parallel with the main
switch S2 to supply ZVS. The proposed buck-boost
converter operation is discussed below. There are seven
topological stages undergoes in one switching cycle.
Figure 4: Inductor discharging mode (t1- t2)
Stage 3:
In stage 3,Lr, C1 and C2 resonate producingVC1 , VC2, and
ILr to go to zero. The zero-voltage and zero current is turnon of S1 and S2 switches. Since, the switches are turned on
when the current and voltage are zero, the switches do not
practice any capacitive turn-on loss in other converters.
Figure 2: Waveforms of the converter
3. Topological Stages of the Buck-Boost
Converter in a Switching Cycle
Stage 1:
Prior to this stage, D0, D3 and S1 are in conduction while S2
is off and C2 is charged to V0 =Vi. The current in Lr is
flowing through D3 and S1. S1 is turned off with ZVS to
initiate this stage in order to allow C1 to charge from Lr.In
final stage, D4 conducts and clamps Vc1,at the input voltage
Vi.
Figure 5: Resonant stage: (t2-t3)
Stage 4:
To start on this mode, at ZCS and ZVS, Switches S1 and S2
are turned on to charge Lr with constant current until the
current in the charge Lr is equal to the current in the output
filter. At the end of this stage, D0 is turned off with ZCS.
Figure 6: Inductor charging stage (t3 - t4)
Figure 3: Capacitor C1 charging mode (t0-t1)
Stage 2:
Overthe diodes D3 and D4, the energy stored in the inductor
Lr is completely discharged into the input voltage.At ZVS
and ZCS, D3 and D4 switch off. Actually, the PV cells
cannot accept any current from external circuit.A capacitor
connected across the PV cell absorbs the current and
provides a path for the inductor to discharge its stored
energy.
Paper ID: NOV162310
Stage 5:
During this period, the input and the output are isolated
such that the constant current flows from the input to the
filter inductor.This stage is controlled by the feedback loop
to regulate the output voltage.
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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
4. Pv Cell Model
Lr
S2
D0
S1
-
_
+
I1+I0
V0
D4
VI
The equivalent circuit of a PV cell is shown in fig 10.
Photovoltaic module is a voltage controlled current source.
It converts solar energy into DC. The output voltage depends
on the change in irradiance and temperature. It includes a
current source, a diode, a series resistance, a shunt
resistance.
+
_
Figure 7: Constant current stage: (t4 - t5)
Stage 6:
At this Stage, the operation is to charge C2 with constant
current and S2 is opened at ZVS. When VC2= Vo +Vi at
which diodes D3 and D0 conduct to end the current stage.
C2
Figure 10: Equivalent circuit of Photovoltaic Cell
Lr
S2
The current to the load can be given as
S1
-
_
+
I1+I0
V0
VI
+
_
Figure 8: Capacitor C2 charging mode (t5- t6)
Stage 7:
In this stage the output capacitor and load obtain energy
from the filter inductor. While the current in Lr freewheels
through D3 and S1.
D3
C2
In the above equation,
Iph is the Photocurrent
IS is the Reverse saturation current of the diode
q is the Electron Charge
V is the Voltage across the diode
K is the Boltzmann‟s Constant
T is the Junction Temperature
N is the Ideality Factor of the diode
RS and Rsh is the Series and Shunt resistors of the cells
5. Simulation Results
Vc1
Lr
q V  Rs I   V  RS I 

I  I ph  I s  exp
 1 
NKT
Rsh


(1)
D0
S2
S1
-
+
I1+I0
_
I DO
V0
D4
VI
+
_
Figure 9: Freewheeling stage (t6- t7)
Paper ID: NOV162310
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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
Figure 11: Simulation diagram of the system
The specifications of the components used in simulation are
given in the table below.
Table 1: System Parameters
Parameters
PV Panel
Resonant Inductor ,Lr
Filter Inductor , Lf
Capacitors C1&C2
Load Capacitance, C0
Load Resistance ,R0
Specification
Output Voltage=24V
Output Current =1A
3.2 MH
1.25 MH
5 ΜF
2μF
5 Ohm
Table 2: Maximum Power and Voltage at Different
Temperature and G=1Kw/m2.
Temperature
00C
250C
500C
750C
Pmax
89.62W
81.00W
73.37W
62.73W
Vmax
39.48V
36.4V
31.9V
28.21V
Figure 12: Input voltage and Input Current
Imax
2.222A
2.227A
2.217A
2.199A
Table 3: Radiation and Maximum Power Available at
Different Places.
Places
Cochin
Delhi
Wellington
Paris
G
1.088kW/m2
1.027kW/m2
0.8819kW/m2
0.7617kW/m2
Pmax
84W
81.36W
68.81W
58.59W
Vmax
39.48V
35.7V
35.11V
34.8V
Imax
2.611A
2.465A
1.96A
1.68A
Figure 13: Output Voltage and Output Current
Paper ID: NOV162310
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Figure 14: Battery Charge Output
6. Conclusion
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A constant switching frequency with zero-capacitive turn-on
loss of zero-switching buck-boost converter is developed
and analyzed. The converter do not have any other voltage
or high-current stress when compared with the other
converters. At high voltage,the capacitive turn-on loss is
proportional to the square of the input voltage. The near zero
switching losses and zero capacitive losses during turn-off
and turn-on make the converter better to use at high voltage
and low current. Finally, the simulation result of the battery
charger output is 99.9V and then the output voltage is 25V
and output current 4.98A obtained.
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