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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomical Language Lab
(Analogy pages 6-15)
Anatomy – study of structure
Physiology – study of function
BIO 137 Lab
Anatomy & Physiology I
Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Structure is always related to function
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
How do scientists describe
the structures of an
Organism?
1-3
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ORGANIZATION OF
THE HUMAN BODY
Using Universal
Anatomical Language
(This language is based upon a body in
anatomical position).
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Divisions of the Human Body
The Axial Region is Divided into
Two Major Cavities
 Axial
 Dorsal
Portion
 Head
 Neck
 Trunk
 Appendicular
Portion
 Appendages
 Arms
 Legs
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Cavity
 Cranial
Cavity
 Spinal
Cavity
 Ventral
Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
 Abdominopelvic
Cavity
 Abdominal
Cavity
 Pelvic Cavity

Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
1
Dorsal Cavity
 Cranial
Cavity
 Houses brain
 Spinal Cavity
 Houses Spinal Cord
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Photo from North Harris College A&P Lab Help
(http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/ap1lab.htm
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity


Lungs
Mediastinum


Heart, Trachea, Esophagus, Thymus
Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Abdominal Cavity


Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach, Pancreas, Spleen,
Small intestine, Large Intestine
Pelvic Cavity

Internal Reproductive Organs, Bladder, Anus
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
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Photo from North Harris College A&P Lab Help
(http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/ap1lab.htm
Anatomical Language
Anatomical Position – standing erect,
face forward, upper limbs at the sides,
palms forward
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
1-18
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.20
Anatomical Language
Midline
Right
Anatomical Position – standing erect, face
forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms forward
Proximal
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Terms of Relative Position
• Superior versus Inferior
• Anterior versus Posterior
• Ventral versus Dorsal
• Medial versus Lateral
• Superficial versus Deep
• Proximal versus Distal (in appendicular portion only)
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Left
Distal
Anterior
Posterior
(Ventral)
(Dorsal)
Proximal
Distal
1-18
Inferior
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Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
3
Use terms of relative
position relating human
organs and/or cavities
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
ANATOMICAL
LANDMARKS
(BODY REGIONS)
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.25
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Occipital
(back of head)
Buccal (cheek)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Axillary (armpit)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Cubital (elbow)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Inguinal
(groin)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Sacral (between hips)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Coxal
(hip)
Carpal (wrist)
The Abdominopelvic Region is
Divided into Different
Quadrants and/or Regions
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
(a)
Plantar (sole)
Digital (toe)
(b)
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Fig. 1.24
9 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
Lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
(a)
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
iliac
region
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
(b)
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Body Sections (Cuts or planes)
Anatomists must make
sections/planes of the body
to study what’s inside
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•Sagittal / Mid-sagittal
•right and left portions
•Transverse
•superior and inferior portions
•Coronal or Frontal
•anterior and posterior portions
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1-19
5
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Fig. 1.22
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Blood Vessels and Visceral Hollow
Organs may be cut in Several Directions
 Cross-section
 Oblique
 Longitudinal
(a)
(b)
(c)
a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
6
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.23
Cross-section
Serous Membranes = SSET OVER LACT
Oblique
Longitudinal
(a)
(b)
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Visceral membrane – covers an organ
Parietal membrane – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Abdominopelvic
•Visceral pleura
Membranes
•Parietal pleura
•Visceral peritoneum
•Visceral
•Parietal peritoneum
pericardium
•Parietal
pericardium
(c)
Fig. 1.11
Fig. 1.12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Right kidney
Left
kidney
Aorta
Left lung
Inferior
vena cava
Pancreas
Rib
Large
intestine
Liver
Left ventricle
of heart
Gallbladder
Aorta
Esophagus
Right lung
Right atrium
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Spleen
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rib
Duodenum
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
1-13
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Anterior
Sternum
Visceral pericardium
Visceral peritoneum
Pericardial cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Parietal pericardium
Parietal peritoneum
Costal cartilage
Stomach
Anterior
Fibrous pericardium
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Practice Quiz: Let’s test our
understanding anatomical language
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Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
7
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
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Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
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Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
9 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
9
Complete the following sentences:
The heart is __________ to the
lungs.
The pancreas is ____________ to
the stomach.
The gallbladder is __________ to
the liver
Complete the following sentences:
The heart is MEDIAL to the lungs.
The pancreas is POSTERIOR to
the stomach.
The gallbladder is INFERIOR to
the liver
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Photo from North Harris College A&P Lab Help (http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/ap1lab.htm
Photo from North Harris College A&P Lab Help (http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/ap1lab.htm
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
10
Complete the following sentences:
Complete the following sentences:
The membrane that covers the heart is
__________ ____________.
The membrane that covers the heart is
VISCERAL PERICARDIUM.
The membrane that covers the pancreas
is ____________ ___________.
The membrane that covers the pancreas
is VISCERAL PERITONEUM.
The membrane that lines the rib cage is
__________ _____________.
The membrane that lines the rib cage is
PARIETAL PLEURA.
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Fig. 1.12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Right kidney
Left
kidney
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Pancreas
Spleen
Small intestine
Large
intestine
Liver
Large intestine
Rib
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Stomach
Anterior
Parietal peritoneum
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Fig. 1.11
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Aorta
Left lung
Esophagus
Right lung
Rib
Right atrium
of heart
Left ventricle
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Anterior
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Sternum
Fibrous pericardium
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
Copyright 2016 Dr. Mary Catherine Flath
11
GOOD
LUCK
STUDYING
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