Download Important Biotoxin in Seafood

Important Bio toxin in Seafood
Tetradotoxin
This toxin is mainly found in the liver, ovaries
and intestines in various species of puffer fish.
• Fish: pufferfish,Goby (Gobius criniger)
• Octopus, Haplaochlae maculosa
• Shellfish(Gastropoda) Ivory shell, Babylonia
japonicus
• Star fish , Astropeeton polyacanthus
Ciguatera toxin
• Fish that have become toxic by feeding on toxic
dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus
• Gastrointestinal and neurological systems are
affected due to the toxin.
• The most consistently reported symptoms are
1. Moderate to severe gastrointestinal disorders of
relatively short duration
2. Moderate to severe neurological disorders that
may persist for days, weeks,or months and/or
3. In some cases, death due to respiratory failure.
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
• Paralytic Shell Fish poisoning, (PSP) is caused
by a group of toxins [saxi toxins and derivatives]
produced by dinoflagellates of the genera
Alexandrium., Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium.
• PSP is a neurological disorder and the
symptoms are tingling, burning and numbness of
lips and fingertips
• In severe cases, death occurs due to respiratory
paralysis.
• Toxin is heat stables not destroyed by cooking.
One gram toxic meat can kill 5 people.
• US FDA limit is 80mg poison /100g.
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)
• Causative dinoflagellates which produce the
toxins are within the genus Dinophysis and
Aurocintrum.
• At least seven toxins have been identified
including Okadoic acid.
• Symptoms are gastrointestinal disorder and
victims recover within 3-4 days. No fatalities
have ever been observed.
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning(NSP)
• Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning [NSP] has been
described in people who consumed bivalves that
have been exposed to red tides of the
dinoflagellate [Phycodiscus breve].
• Brevetoxins are highly lethal to fish and red
tides.
Amnesic shellfish
poisoning(ASP)
• Amnesic shell fish poisoning intoxication is due
to domoic acid, an amino acid produced by the
diatom Nitzschia pungens.
• ASP vary greatly from slight nausea and
vomiting to loss of equilibrium and central neural
deficit including confusion and memory loss.
Control of disease caused by
biotoxin
• The control of marine biotoxins is difficult and
disease cannot be entirely prevented.
Toxic metals
•
Toxic metals like Cd, Hg, Se, Pb etc. Above the
normal level affect the safety and marketability of
foods.
It pose special problems in the environment
because they are
• Extremely persistent
• They are lipophilic is nature
• Filter feeders like oysters, mussels & clams
accumulate these compounds in their body muscles,
liver ovary & kidneys.
Antibiotic Residues
• Food additives including colours are used in
various fish & fishery products ( Council directive
95/2 EC on Food Additives)
Biogenic Amines
• Ingested histamine will be detoxified in the
intestinal tract by at least 2 enzymes the diamine
oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyl
transferase (HMT) (Taylor 1986).