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Pierce College
Putman/Biol 241
Name: ________________________________
Lab 09 SGOs: Muscle Gross Anatomy (20 points)
Lab Report 8: Marieb & Mitchell 9th Ed: Exercise 15 (Activities 1-4) + Review Sheet; 10th Ed *
11th Ed: Exercise 13 (Activities 1-4) + Review Sheet (all).
Pierce College Student Outcome:
Lab Outcome 6: Draw and label the characteristic features of three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac and
smooth. Include the connective tissue “wrappings” associated with muscle tissue organization. (in part)
Lab Outcome 10: Identify and describe functions of major muscles by both individual definition and by functional
group.
By completing and understanding this lab, you should be able to do the following:
1. Define the terms synergists and antagonists, and state whether a given muscle is a synergist
or antagonist, if appropriate, to another given muscle.
2. On models, diagrams, cadaver preparations or photographs of human muscles, identify the
following muscles and structures (starred * structures are connective tissues you need to
know) AND give the indicated principal actions:
Muscles of the Head
Muscles and Connective Tissues of Facial Expression:
Frontalis (epicranius, frontal belly): raises eyebrows.
Galea aponeurotica*: connects occipitalis and frontalis muscles.
Occipitalis (epicranius, occipital belly): pulls scalp posteriorly.
Orbicularis oculi: closes eye.
Orbicularis oris: compresses & purses lips.
Nasalis: compresses nostrils.
Levator labii superioris: elevates superior section of mouth.
Zygomaticus minor: elevates corners of the mouth.
Zygomaticus major: elevates corners of the mouth.
Risorius: draws corners of the mouth out laterally.
Depressor anguli oris: draws corners of mouth down and laterally
Depressor labii inferioris: depresses inferior section of mouth.
Mentalis: protrudes lower lip; pouting.
Buccinator: compresses cheek.
Platysma: depresses lower lip; depresses mandible.
Muscles of Mastication:
Masseter: elevates mandible.
Temporalis: elevates mandible.
Platysma: depresses mandible.
Digastric: depresses mandible.
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Muscles and Connective Tissues of the Neck: Superficial
Sternocleidomastoid: lateral flexion of neck.
Scalenus complex (Scalenes): flexes neck; elevates ribs 1 & 2.
Splenius capitus: extends neck
Ligamentum nuchae*: stabilizes head
Muscles of the Neck: Deep
Digastric: depresses mandible, elevates hyoid
Mylohyoid: elevates hyoid & base of tongue during swallowing.
Stylohyoid: elevates/retracts hyoid
Sternohyoid: depresses hyoid & larynx
Omohyoid: depresses hyoid & larynx
Sternothyroid: depresses hyoid & larynx
Thyrohyoid: depresses hyoid & elevates larynx
Muscles of the Shoulder
Deltoid: abducts humerus
Pectoralis major: flexes, adducts & medially rotates humerus
Supraspinatus: abducts humerus
Infraspinatus: laterally rotates humerus
Teres minor: adducts & laterally rotates humerus
Teres major: adducts & medially rotates humerus
Latissimus dorsi: extends, adducts & medially rotates humerus
Coracobrachialis: flexes & adducts humerus
Muscles and Connective Tissues of the Spine and Trunk
Erector spinae spinalis: spine extension
Erector spinae longissimus: spine extension & lateral flexion; extends & turns head
Erector spinae iliocostalis: spine extension & lateral flexion
Quadratus lumborum: spine extension & lateral flexion
Semispinalis group: spine & head extension & rotation
Multifides: spine extension & lateral flexion
External obliques: spine flexion, lateral flexion & rotation; compresses abdomen
Internal obliques: spine flexion, lateral flexion & rotation; compresses abdomen
Inguinal ligament*: abdominal muscle attachment
Transversus abdominus: compresses abdomen
Rectus abdominus: trunk flexion
Linea alba*: abdominal muscle attachment
Muscles of Respiration
External intercostals: elevate ribs
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Internal intercostals: depress ribs
Diaphragm: increases and decreases thoracic volume
Muscles that Move the Scapula
Pectoralis minor: protracts scapula
Serratius anterior: protracts scapula
Trapezius—superior portion: elevates scapula
Trapezius—medial portion: retracts scapula
Trapezius—inferior portion: depresses scapula
Levator scapulae: elevates scapula
Rhomboideus minor: retracts scapula
Rhomboideus major: retracts scapula
Muscles of the Arm
Biceps brachii: flexes arm at shoulder & elbow
Brachialis: flexes arm at elbow
Brachioradialis: flexes arm at elbow
Triceps brachii: extends arm at shoulder & elbow
Anconeus: extends forearm.
Pronator teres: pronates forearm at radioulnar joints
Supinator: supinates forearm at radioulnar joints
Muscles and Connective Tissues of the Forearm & Wrist
(Brachioradialis: flexes arm at elbow)
Flexor carpi radialis: flexes hand
Palmaris longus: flexes hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris: flexes hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris: extends hand
Extensor digiti minimi: extends hand & digit 5
Extensor digitorum: extends hand & digits 2-5
Extensor carpi radialis brevis: extends hand
Extensor carpi radialis longus: extends hand
Carpal tunnel*: pathway for hand tendons
Flexor digitorum superficialis: flexes hand & digits
Flexor pollicis longus: flexes digit 1
Connective Tissues of the Hand
Flexor retinaculum*: attachment & stabilization for hand muscles)
Extensor retinaculum*: attachment & stabilization for hand muscles
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Muscles and Connective Tissues of the Hip and Upper Leg
Gluteus maximus: extends femur
Gluteus medius: abducts femur
Gluteus minimus: abducts femur
Piriformis: rotates femur laterally
Superior gemellus: rotates femur laterally
Obturator internus: rotates femur laterally
Inferior gemellus: rotates femur laterally
Quadratus femoris: rotates femur laterally
Sartorius: flexes leg and laterally rotates femur
Iliopsoas (iliacus + psoas major): flexes femur
Pectineus: adducts, flexes & rotates femur
Adductor longus: adducts, flexes & rotates femur
Adductor magnus: adducts, flexes & rotates femur
Gracilis: adducts, flexes & rotates femur
Semitendinosus: flexes knee & extends femur [a hamstring muscle]
Semimembranosus: flexes knee & extends femur [a hamstring muscle]
Biceps Femoris: flexes knee & extends femur [a hamstring muscle]
Tractus iliotibialis*: insertion for gluteus maximus & tensor fascia lata
Tensor fasciae latae: abducts & flexes femur
Quadriceps Femoris Muscles and Structures
Vastus lateralis: extends knee
Rectus femoris: extends knee
Vastus medialis: extends knee
Vastus intermedias: extends knee
Tendon of quadriceps femoris*: connects quadriceps to patella & patellar ligament
Patellar ligament*: connects tendon of quadriceps femoris & patella to tibial tuberosity
Muscles and Connective Tissues of the Lower Leg and Foot
Triceps Surae Muscles and Structures
Gastrocnemius: plantar flexes foot
Soleus: plantar flexes foot
Achilles (calcaneal) tendon*: connects soleus & gastrocnemius to calcaneous
Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexes foot
Extensor digitorum longus: dorsiflexes foot & digits 2-5
Extensor hallucis longus: dorsiflexes foot & big toe
Peroneus (fibularis) longus: plantar flexes & everts foot
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis: plantar flexes & everts foot
Plantaris: plantar flexes foot
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Flexor hallucis longus: plantar flexes foot & flexes big toe
Flexor digitorum longus: plantar flexes foot & flexes digits 2-5
Tibialis posterior: plantar flexes & inverts foot.
Superior & inferior extensor retinacula*: muscle/ligament attachments; stabilizes foot
Tutorials & Practice Tests:
-http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/muscle/mustut.htm
This is a very good muscle tutorial; however, note that not all of the required muscles are listed
or differentiated (example: zygomaticus major & minor).
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