Download congenitally missing upper lateral incisors treated by

PATRIZIA LUCCHI
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CONGENITALLY MISSING UPPER LATERAL
INCISORS TREATED BY SPACE CLOSURE:
AIMING FOR EXCELLENCE
7193 Views - Apr 2016
The prevalence of congenitally missing teeth has been studied and reported by many Authors: a presence
ranging between 6 to 10% was found in the population, with a prevalence of congenitally missing upper
lateral incisors (CMLI) between 1 and 2%. Furthermore, it has been found that agenesis of both maxillary
lateral incisors is more common than the single one. Patients with congenitally missing maxillary lateral
incisors (CMLI) often need challenging interdisciplinary treatment and the replacement of CMLI offers
three treatment options: canine substitution, tooth-supported restorations, or single implants. The ideal
treatment must fulfill individual esthetics, functional requirements and periodontal health: not only at the
end of the treatment, but also in the long-term. The rationale, effectiveness and advantage for space
closure treatment have been widely discussed in previous articles, and this treatment finds its greatest
application since CMLI is usually diagnosed at young age. Space closure offers indeed the possibility of
completing treatment before adolescence and achieving a long-term stable outcome at a young age.
Hence, it is possible to avoid a long lasting period with temporary restorations waiting for the final
restorative procedures at the end of growth. Long-term investigations on periodontal, functional and
esthetic stability have shown that space closure can lead to an acceptable functional occlusion with no
difference in prevalence of TMJ signs or symptoms and to a better periodontal condition with minor
tendency to accumulate plaque and develop gingivitis when compared to prosthetic replacement.
Moreover, in the last 15 years, gradual improvement in orthodontic finishing, supported by careful and
minimally invasive restorative procedures, has led to high quality esthetic results, almost indistinguishable
from natural dentition. The purpose of this article is to show the considerable improvement that can be
nowadays achieved with the space-closure alternative by combining techniques from esthetic dentistry
with carefully detailed orthodontic treatment. In order to obtain an ideal smile, a detailed orthodontic
treatment is mandatory and thus includes:
- Extrusion of canine and intrusion of first premolar to reach optimal leveling of the gingival margins. This
also allows not to have to grind the palatine cusp of first bicuspid during final build-up
- Root palatal torque of extruded canines in order to maintain proper thickness of the
periodontal labial plate and prevent the risk of recessions.
- Proper torque of intruded first premolars considering root anatomy to allow minimally invasive
restorations.
Premolar intrusion and canine extrusion themselves can remodel the periodontal profile and properly
locate the gingival margins, so that an optimal esthetic result can be achieved. This means the gingival
margin of the new canine (i.e. the intruded first
premolar) is at the same level of the central incisor, while the gingival margin of the new lateral incisor (the
extruded canine) is at a 2-3 mm lower level.
The intrusion of the first premolars was also performed in order to obtain a larger “canine” after the
building-up of the generally short and small first premolars in the “normal” canine position.
About the difference in color between cuspid and bicuspid, cuspids are usually darker and/or more
yellowish than the incisors, new home bleaching systems are available to achieve very good and stable
results.
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AIMING FOR EXCELLENCE
In order to explain how it is possible to achieve excellence in space closure, a case is shown step by step.
Img. 1 - B.M., male aged 11y7m, comes at our observation in 2011 at the completion of permanent eruption,
showing upper cuspid just in lateral incisors position.
The treatment plan was done, as well as the entire ortho treatment, by Dr. Marco Rosa, to provide the
malocclusion correction, space closure and proper control of cuspid and bicuspid positions.
Img. 2 - Occlusal view of the malocclusion
Img. 3 - NiTi wires were used in first step of the alignment.
Img. 4 - During gingival margin levelling and proper torque control of canines and first premolars, a
cosmetic conturing of canine cusp and interproximal walls was made. As demonstrated in 1970 by
Tuverson, it is possible to recontour the cuspid to almost an ideal lateral incisor shape by grinding it with
diamond instruments. Iatrogenic effects of grinding, such as increased sensitivity or pulp reactions, can be
avoided by adequate and abundant water and air spray cooling, and preparation of smooth and selfcleansing surfaces.
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Img. 5 - The grinding of the canine cusp can be performed during the orthodontic treatment but also at the
end of the active treatment, immediately before restorative adjustments.
Img. 6 - The debonding day could be called the longest day. In the same appointment, in fact, the patient
will be debonded and the upper teeth will be restored.
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Img. 7 - After orthodontic space closure and debonding, a perfect plaque control is required, in order to
obtain and maintain a good gingival profile.
Img. 8 - When proper position of the new laterals and the new canines is achieved with the ortho
treatment, no prep on the teeth surface will be necessary. Sandblasting under rubber dam will be
performed, in order to clean the surface from biofilm and from residual orthodontic resins.
Img. 9 Rubber dam view on the left side
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Img. 10 Rubber dam view on the right side
Img. 11 - Using a caliber, different dimensions of upper right central and upper left central were detected. In
order to achieve a proper tooth display, instead of direct restoration, a new protocol using prepolimerized
composite shell was used. Four Componeer veneers, size L shade WO, were customized in shape and used
for upper central incisors and bicuspid, and directly relined through preheated composite. After rubber
dam isolation, each shell was luted one by one, starting from midline to upper first bicuspid, the new
canine. Before luting the shell, its possible to improve esthetic results putting stains on the internal surface
of the componeer. Perfect control in form, gingival margin and adaptation is thusly readily affordable. On
the newly transformed canines (the new lateral incisors) only 2 direct restorations were made, in order to
restore the mesial black triangle. To avoid color differences to show when compared at the interface with
the cuspid enamel, however, its possible to restore them using a brighter hue of dentin, followed by a home
vital bleaching treatment.
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Img. 12 - A special focus must be paid in reshaping bicuspid in substitution of cuspid. The palatal cusp must
not be cut as it functions as the cingulum of the new canine.
Img. 13 - Final results immediately after rubber dam removing. Using fine diamond burs, disc, rubber points
and diamond paste, macro- and micro-texture can be rendered on the componeer surface, hence
obtaining secondary and tertiary anatomy features.
Img. 14 - One week later, after the rehydration.
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Img. 15 - Smile display before orthodontic treatment and after composite restoration.
Img. 16 - Occlusal view. The sulcus between buccal and palatal first premolar cusps was stuffed by the
splint.
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Img. 17
Img. 18 - Two-year follow-up
Conclusions Multidisciplinary treatment of upper missing lateral incisors is mandatory to provide a good
esthetic and function in frontal area. In order to achieve this kind of results, especially in young patients,
closure of the space could be the better choice. A major advantage of such an approach is the permanence
of the finished result. The alveolar bone height is maintained by early mesial movement of the canine, and
the need for removable or resin-bonded retainers until the implant insertion is avoided. Nevertheless, in
order to obtain these kind of results using a combination of carefully performed orthodontic space closure
and cosmetic build-ups of several teeth is necessary. Special Thanks to Dr. Marco Rosa, for the orthodontic
treatment and for the daily inspiration in the last 22 years in teamwork.
References
1. Rosa M, Lucchi P, Ferrari S, Zachrisson BU, Caprioglio A.Congenitally missing maxillary lateral
incisors: Long-term periodontal and functional evaluation after orthodontic space closure with first
premolar intrusion and canine extrusion.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016 Mar;149(3):339-48.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.08.016.
2. Zachrisson BU, Rosa M, Toreskog S. Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: canine
substitution: point. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:434, 436, 438 passim.
3. Kokich VO Jr, Kinzer GA, Janakievski J. Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: restorative
replacement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:434–445.
4. Tuverson DL. Orthodontic treatment using canines in place of missing maxillary lateral incisors. Am
J Orthod 1970;58:109-27.
5. Rosa M, Zachrisson BU. Integrating Esthetic Dentistry and Space Closure in Patients with Missing
Maxillary Lateral Incisors. J. Clin. Orthod.35:221-234, 2001.
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AIMING FOR EXCELLENCE
6. Rosa M, Zachrisson BU. Integrating Esthetic Dentistry and Space Closure in Patients with Missing
Maxillary Lateral Incisors: Further Improvements. J. Clin. Orthod. 2007, Vol.XLI/9:563-573.
7. Rosa M, Zachrisson BU. “The Space Closure Alternative for Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors: An
Update”. J. Clin. Orthod. , 2010, Vol.XLIV/9:540-549.
8. Nordquist GG, McNeill RW. Orthodontic vs. restorative treatment of the congenitally absent lateral
incisor- long-term periodontal and occlusal evaluation. J Periodontol 1975; 46: 139-43.
9. Robertsson S., Mohlin B. The congenitally missing upper lateral incisor. A retrospective study of
orthodontic space closure versus restorative treatment. Eur J Orthod 2000; 22: 697-710.
10. Murakami T., Yokota S., Takahama Y. Periodontal changes after experimentally induced intrusion of
the upper incisors in Macaca fuscata monkeys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989; 95: 115–26.
11. Erkan M., Pikdoken L., Usumez S. Gingival response to mandibular incisors intrusion. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2007; 132: 1143.e9–143.e13.
12. Bellamy LJ., Kokich VG., Weissman JA. Using orthodontic intrusion of abraded insisors to facilitate
restoration: The technique’s effects on alveolar bone level and root lenght. J AM Dent Assoc 2008;
139: 725-733.
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