Download Name, block, date Chapter 3 Study Guide: Review your foldable and

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Name, block, date
Chapter 3 Study Guide:
Review your foldable and know the information on spheres.
1. ____GEOSPHERE ______– made of all the rock and above and below Earth's surface
and includes the center _____CORE ____, and the thin outer layer the ____CRUST_______.
2. _________ASTHENOSPHERE___________ - carries the lithosphere and tectonic plates.
3.__________BIOSPHERE__________________ - life is part of this (includes humans!)
4. _________ HYDROSPHERE _____________- contains all of earth’s waters.
5. Matter that organisms require for their life processes are called
______NUTRIENTS____. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous
circulate endlessly throughout the environment in complex cycles called
____BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES_____________.
6. Nitrogen is made available either by lightning strikes or bacteria called
nitrogen fixing bacteria found with _____LEGUMES LIKE SOYBEANS____________.
7. When too much nitrogen from _________FERTILIZER________ or phosphorous from
_________DETERGENT________ gets into our waterways algae blooms. What is
this process called? _____EUTROPHICATION_______________ . What can happen
as a result?___________HYPOXIA___________ or reduced oxygen levels.
8. What are the 3 main parts of the water cycle and know the definitions of each
as well as the term for evaporation of water from plants.
EVAPORATION – LIQUID TO GAS ___________________________________
CONDENSATION – CLOUDS FORMING______________________________________
PRECIPITATION – RAIN SNOW SLEET HAIL ____________________________
TRANSPIRATION – WATER VAPOR FROM LEAVES _______
6. CO2 is an important greenhouse gas because it acts like a _____HEAT BLANKET____________
making life possible on earth. Without CO2 it would be too cold.
CO2 is also important because plants use it for photosynthesis.
What are green plants called? ___PRODUCERS____________________.
What do green plants produce during photosynthesis? ___________CARBOHYDRATES –
SUGARS – AND OXYGEN._____________________________________________________________________
7. Too much CO2 in the atmosphere is causing global climate change. How have humans
interfered and added CO2? By burning ___FOSSIL FUELS___ and cutting down __TREES_____.
Another greenhouse gas is _____METHANE______________________________________.
8. Review the 3 plate boundaries and what happens:
___DIVERGENT – MOVE APART_________________________________________
___CONVERGENT – COME TOGETHER FORMING MOUNTAIN RANGES OR
TRENCHES
____TRANSFORM – SLID PAST EACH OTHER _________________
9. Review positive and negative feedback loops, know which is better, and give an
example of each.
POSITIVE – LEAD TO EXTREMES – EROSION
NEGATIVE – LEAD TO STABILITY – PREDATOR/PREY
NEGATIVE ARE BETTER
10. Be able to explain eutrophication, and hypoxia.
EUTROPHICATION - ADDITION OF NITROGEN OR PHOSPHOROUS TO WATER
RESULTING IN ALGAE BLOOMS.
HYPOXIA – REDUCED OXYGEN IN WATER DUE TO EUTROPHICATION
________________________________________
Chapter 14.3 Water Pollution (p. 435)
Name, date, block, assignment #
1. What is the difference between point-source and nonpoint-source pollution?
Point-source originates from a specific spot, Non-point Source has numerous sources.
2. List the major categories of water pollution:
Nutrient, toxic chemicals, sediment, thermal, biological.
3. What is meant by the term eutrophic?
When bodies of water have a high nutrient content and low oxygen content.
4. How does eutrophication happen naturally?
Aging process of a lake, nutrients build up, algae and plants grow, die, and oxygen levels
decrease.
5. What is the most common cause of cultural eutrophication?
Excess phosphorus is the most common cause of cultural eutrophication.
P pollution mostly comes from nonpoint sources such as fertilizers and detergents carried
in runoff or wastewater.
6. What is an algal bloom, and how can it harm aquatic ecosystems?
Sudden explosions of algae that block sunlight from reaching the plants below which then
die off. Decomposition increases and oxygen levels in the water drop.
7. What organic chemicals pollute water? What inorganic chemicals pollute water?
O = petroleum and petroleum products such as plastics which may contain Bisphenol-A,
Pesticides, and detergents.
IO = heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, and lead.
8. How does sediment affect a river? What is sediment pollution a result of? How can this
be avoided?
It can cause the aquatic environment to change, photosynthesis to decline as water clouds
up, causing food webs to collapse. It is the result of erosion. This can be avoided with
better mining practices, not clear-cutting, or clearing land to build houses, and better
farming practices.
9. What is thermal pollution? How does it occur and why is it a problem?
The warmer the water, the less oxygen it holds. Cooling industrial processes and power
plants and returning heated water to its source raises its temperature resulting in thermal
pollution. It is a problem as fish and other aquatic organisms can’t tolerate the increases in
heat and decreases in oxygen.
10. What diseases are caused by biological pollution? How can they be prevented?
Biological pollution is when disease-causing organisms and viruses (pathogens)
contaminate water supplies. Cholera, Dysentery, E. coli, Giardiasis, Schistosomiasis, and
Typhoid fever. Prevention would be to treat water and waste with chemicals that kill the
disease-causing organisms.
11. Why is clean up of groundwater pollution so difficult?
It is largely hidden from view and difficult to monitor. Chemicals in aquifers break down
more slowly than in surface water. Prevention is best.
12. What are sources of oil pollution in the ocean?
Oil spills (Exxon Valdez 1989), leakage from small boats, largest source is naturally
occurring deposits on the sea floor = 46% of oil in the ocean.
13. Why is mercury pollution a problem?
Makes fish and shellfish unsafe to eat as it biomagnifies as it moves up the food chain
causing neurological damage.
14. How does nutrient pollution in the ocean differ from nutrient pollution in fresh water?
Where does the nitrogen come from?
In the ocean it is nitrogen not phosphorous that causes algae blooms called red tide. It is
caused by runoff.
16. Briefly discus the Clean Water Act of 1977.
The single most important law to prevent water pollution in the US. Illegal to release point
source pollution without a permit. Set standards for pollution levels in surface water and
industrial wastewater, funded sewage treatment plants.