Download Upgrading plant amino acids through cattle to improve the nutritional

Upgrading plant amino acids through cattle to improve the nutritional value for humans – effects of different
production systems
M. Patel, U. Sonesson, A. Hessle
Supplementary material
Production models
Table S1 Age, weight at slaughter and carcass content in different beef production models in calves from a) dairy
cows and b) beef cows in four systems
a) Calves from dairy
cows
1
Model name
Slaughter age, mo
Carcass weight, kg
Bone-free meat, kg
Offal, kg
Blood, kg
b) Calves from beef
cows
Model name1
Slaughter age, mo
Carcass weight, kg
Bone-free meat, kg
Offal, kg
Blood, kg
1R
Reference
R dairy bull
I
18
310
217
19
19
Intensive
maize
M DxB bull I
14
330
232
20
20
Reference
R beef
heifer G
R beef bull I
24
17
290
340
201
244
17
20
17
20
Intensive
forage
F DxB bull I
15
335
237
20
20
E DxB
heifer S G
24
300
205
18
18
Intensive maize
M beef heifer
M beef
I
bull I
16
13
280
360
194
254
17
22
17
22
Extensive
E DxB
E DxB steer
heifer W G
SG
24
24
300
320
205
218
18
19
18
19
Intensive
forage
F beef bull I
14
360
261
22
22
E DxB steer
WG
24
320
218
19
19
Extensive
E beef
heifer G
21
310
215
19
19
E beef steer G
30
390
278
23
23
= Reference; M = Intensive maize; F = Intensive forage; E = Extensive; D x B = dairy x beef crossbred; S = summer; W = winter (season
of birth); G = grazing; I = indoor.
Feeds and feed rations
Table S2 Annual feed consumption per head in different dairy production systems:
Reference, R9000; Intensive maize and beans, M11000; Intensive food industry byproducts, F11000; Extensive, E7000. Feed consumption forreplacement heifers is
summarized for 27 months of rearing
System
Reference grass/clover silage,
kg DM1
Maize silage, kg DM
Clover silage, kg DM
Grass silage, kg DM
Cultivated pasture, kg DM
Semi-natural pasture, kg DM
Cereal grain, kg2
Commercial concentrate, kg3
Field beans, kg
Rapeseed meal, kg
Rapeseed cake, kg
Beet fibre, kg
Wheat bran, kg
Distiller’s grains, kg
Whole milk, kg
Mineral supplement, kg4
1 DM
R9000
2767
M11000
F11000
E7000
514
660
1620
1196
3473
3805
3390
208
492
549
1548
1376
665
275
527
332
58
336
35
40
286
442
412
580
214
40
= dry matter.
each of barley, wheat and oats.
3 Contained 50% rapeseed meal, 30% wheat middlings and 20% beet fibre
4 Contained 132 g Ca and 138 g P/kg DM.
2 1/3
Heifer
2527
1740
236
71
381
25
250
25
Table S3 Feed consumption per head of slaughtered beef cattle from dairy cows in different production models in four
different systems
Model name1
Reference silage early harvest, kg DM2
Grass silage, kg DM
Maize silage, kg DM
Clover silage, kg DM
Semi-natural pastures, kg DM
Cereal grain, kg3
Commercial concentrate, kg
Field beans, kg
Rapeseed cake, kg
Mineral supplement, kg
Whole milk, kg
Milk replacer, kg powder
1
Reference
Intensive
maize
Intensive
forage
Extensive
R dairy bull
I
M DxB
bull I
F DxB bull I
E DxB
heifer S G
E DxB
heifer W G
1537
1842
173
30
150
25
869
848
1168
193
118
46
250
-
1789
1240
115
66
62
250
-
2433
1716
228
171
50
17
250
-
2307
1980
180
101
14
22
250
-
E DxB
steer S
G
2431
2083
227
172
50
24
250
-
E DxB
steer W
G
2548
2343
182
100
14
26
250
-
R = Reference; M = Intensive maize; F = Intensive forage; E = Extensive; D x B = dairy x beef crossbred; S = summer; W = winter (season of
birth); G = grazing; I = indoor.
2 DM = dry matter.
3 1/3 each of barley, wheat and oats.
Table S4 Feed consumption per head of slaughtered beef cattle from suckler production in different production models in
four different systems
Reference
Model name1
Reference silage early harvest, kg DM2
Grass silage, kg DM
Maize silage, kg DM
Clover silage, kg DM
Semi-natural pastures, kg DM
Cereal grain, kg3
Field beans, kg
Rapeseed cake, kg
Mineral supplement4, kg
1
R beef
heifer G
2299
1057
91
25
R beef
bull I
1108
1431
32
Intensive maize
M beef
heifer I
998
998
523
77
43
7
M beef bull I
Intensive
forage
F beef bull I
553
553
894
52
17
35
1191
890
37
Extensive
E beef
heifer G
1773
1360
9
E beef
steer G
3076
2594
14
R = Reference; M = Intensive maize; F = Intensive forage; E = Extensive; S = summer; W = winter (season of birth); G = grazing; I = indoor.
= dry matter.
3 1/3 each of barley, wheat and oats.4 Contained 72-170 g Ca and 10-92 g P/kg DM.
2 DM
Table S5 Annual feed consumption per suckler cow and breeding bull and per
replacement heifer reared in suckler production in four different systems
Reference
Reference
silage early
harvest, kg
DM1
Reference
silage late
harvest, kg
DM
Reed canary
grass silage,
kg DM
Semi-natural
pastures, kg
DM
Cereal
grain, kg2
Field beans,
kg
Mineral
supplements
, kg
1 DM
Suckler
cow
Breeding
bull
Replaceme
nt heifer
-
-
2299
1684
2410
-
878
2410
-
-
-
-
683
-
-
2257
1887
1057
3081
1887
1057
-
-
91
303
-
91
-
-
-
103
-
-
22
72
25
37
72
25
= dry matter.
each of barley, wheat and oats.
3 creep feeding to the suckling calf.
2 1/3
Intensive maize, Intensive forage and
Extensive
Suck Breeding bull Replacement heifer
ler
cow
2299
Table S6 Chemical composition (g/kg of dry matter, DM) of forages
ME1, MJ
CP2
Starch
NDF3
Crude
fat
Ca
P
K
Ash
1
Referenc
e
grass/clo
ver
silage,
early
harvest
10.6
141
573
20
Referenc
e
grass/clo
ver
silage,
late
harvest
9.9
96
585
20
6
2.7
22.0
74
3.4
1.8
13.0
80
ME = metabolisable energy.
Clover
silage
Grass
silage
Maize
silage
Reed
canary
grass
silage
Cultivat
ed
pasture
Seminatural
pasture
10.6
168
546
20
11.4
149
520
20
11.0
91
223
496
22
7.4
115
687
20
11.0
147
480
20
9.4
130
550
20
7.8
2.7
21.3
74
8.0
2.7
22.8
73
2.4
2.3
10.1
44
4.4
2.3
5.4
40
8.0
2.7
24.0
74
4.1
2.8
22.0
66
Table S7 Chemical composition (g/kg DM, dry matter) of concentrates
Cereal
grain
DM, %
ME1, MJ
CP
Starch
NDF
Crude
fat
Ca
P
K
Ash
1 ME
87
13.1
123
560
246
30
Rape
seed
meal
87
12.1
384
90
100
67
Rape
seed
cake
94
15.5
339
87
311
169
0.4
4.0
5.1
28
8
13.4
15.2
79
7.5
12.4
13.2
66
= metabolisable energy.
Beet
fibre
Field
bean
Wheat
bran
Distiller’s
grains
91
12.5
105
0
334
0
87
12.9
302
420
160
15
87
11.0
160
210
464
45
90
13.3
320
0
270
45
9.5
0.7
18.5
86
4
5.6
9.1
60
1.7
12.0
12.0
60
2.6
10.3
13.7
37
Table S8 Description of suckler production in four systems
Reference
Breed
Cross-bred
beef
Replacement, %
20
Calves born live, number per 0.858
mated cow and year
Mortality of cows, %
2.0
Mortality of heifer calves, % 5.1
Intensive maize, Intensive forage and
Extensive
Cross-bred beef
20
0.858
0.9
1.5
Mortality of bull calves, %
6.3
1.9
Carcass weight cows, kg
Bone-free meat cows, kg
375
375
252
252
Offal cows, kg
22
22
Blood cows, kg
22
22
Carcass weight breeding
bulls, kg
Bone-free meat breeding
bulls, kg
Offal breeding bulls, kg
550
550
405
405
33
33
Blood breeding bulls, kg
33
33
Table S9 Added feed consumption for different production models of beef cattle from suckler production due to their
parents’ feed consumption
Model1
Extra feed, %
Cow
Breeding bull
Replacement heifer
R beef heifer G
132
5
20
R beef bull I
137
5
20
M beef heifer I
121
5
20
M beef bull I
F beef heifer G
122
121
5
5
20
20
F beef bull I
122
5
20
E beef heifer G
121
5
20
E beef steer G
122
5
20
1R
= Reference; M = Intensive maize; F = Intensive forage; E = Extensive; G = grazing; I = indoor.
Table S10 Amino acid composition (g/ kg CP) of the different concentrate feeds (CVB, 2011)
Cereal
grain1
Commercial
concentrate
Field bean
Rapeseed
meal
Rapeseed
cake
Beet fibre
Wheat bran
Distiller’s
grain
CP
g/kg
DM
Ala
Arg
Asp
Cys
Glu
Gly
His
Ile
Leu
Lys
Met
Phe
Pro
Ser
Thr
Trp
Tyr
Val
123
42
54
65
25
237
43
22
35
69
35
17
48
86
45
33
12
31
48
290
45
56
83
21
163
48
26
35
62
41
17
38
56
42
39
12
31
48
302
384
41
45
91
61
109
75
13
25
164
169
42
52
26
28
41
39
73
70
63
44
8
20
41
41
43
60
48
44
35
44
9
13
33
31
45
51
339
45
61
75
25
169
52
28
39
70
55
20
41
60
44
44
13
31
51
105
160
320
42
47
43
29
67
40
121
71
54
9
21
17
102
194
237
32
51
39
21
27
20
27
32
36
43
62
75
36
40
21
11
16
15
27
40
45
30
65
85
36
44
44
35
33
32
6
14
9
34
29
0
44
47
43
Ala = alanine; Arg = arginine; Asp = aspartic acid; Cys = cystine; Glu = glutamic acid; Gly = glycine; His = histidine; Ile = Isoleucine; Leu =
leucine; Lys = lysine; Met = methionine; Phe = phenylalanine; Pro = proline; Ser = serine; Thr = threonine; Trp = tryptophan; Tyr = tyrosine; Val
= valine.
11/3 each of barley, wheat and oats.
Table S11 True ileal digestibility in pigs (%) of amino acids in concentrate feeds (CVB, 2011)
Cereal grain1
Commercial
concentrate
Field bean
Rapeseed
cake/meal
Beet fibre
Wheat bran
Distiller’s grain
Ala
77
70
Arg
88
79
Asp
78
64
Cys
82
68
Glu
90
80
Gly
80
69
His
87
76
Ile
85
71
Leu
85
73
Lys
80
71
Met
85
77
Phe
87
71
Pro
91
76
Ser
86
69
Thr
80
63
Trp
81
70
Tyr
86
72
Val
83
68
82
76
94
84
87
71
72
70
92
84
84
74
88
80
86
75
87
77
89
74
86
81
79
77
88
80
89
76
83
71
76
71
78
75
85
72
47
58
75
53
87
86
26
66
74
46
72
80
58
83
89
45
67
76
52
79
78
51
67
81
52
70
84
55
68
63
59
73
85
46
60
88
45
86
88
33
72
83
28
60
77
50
75
79
52
68
86
42
65
78
Ala = alanine; Arg = arginine; Asp = aspartic acid; Cys = cystine; Glu = glutamic acid; Gly = glycine; His = histidine; Ile = Isoleucine; Leu = leucine;
Lys = lysine; Met = methionine; Phe = phenylalanine; Pro = proline; Ser = serine; Thr = threonine; Trp = tryptophan; Tyr = tyrosine; Val = valine.
11/3 each of barley, wheat and oats.
Animal products
Table S12 Amino acid composition (g/kg product) in animal products from cattle (USDA, 2014)
Milk
Bonefree
meat
Offal
Blood
Ala
1.1
14.2
Arg
0.9
14.8
Asp
2.7
20.4
Cys
0.2
2.7
Glu
7.1
33.6
Gly
0.6
15.1
His
1.0
7.1
Ile
1.6
9.9
Leu
3.0
17.6
Lys
2.6
18.8
Met
0.8
5.7
Phe
1.6
8.8
Pro
3.1
11.5
Ser
1.9
9.0
Thr
1.3
9.1
Trp
0.4
1.5
Tyr
1.6
7.0
Val
2.1
11.0
10.2
9.4
11.5
5.1
16.8
13.0
2.8
1.4
24.4
10.9
10.4
5.3
5.8
7.5
8.2
1.4
15.6
15.1
14.4
10.5
5.1
1.4
8.6
8.1
7.8
4.6
7.5
5.9
7.5
5.2
2.1
1.8
6.7
3.4
10.0
10.1
Ala = alanine; Arg = arginine; Asp = aspartic acid; Cys = cystine; Glu = glutamic acid; Gly = glycine; His = histidine; Ile = Isoleucine; Leu
= leucine; Lys = lysine; Met = methionine; Phe = phenylalanine; Pro = proline; Ser = serine; Thr = threonine; Trp = tryptophan; Tyr =
tyrosine; Val = valine.
Table S13 True ileal digestibility in pigs (%) of amino acids in animal products from cattle (CVB, 2011)
Milk
Bone-free
meat, offal and
blood
Ala
89
88
Arg
97
95
Asp
93
88
Cys
91
88
Glu
88
88
Gly
95
88
His
96
93
Ile
88
75
Leu
96
88
Lys
96
94
Met
96
88
Phe
97
92
Pro
99
88
Ser
81
88
Thr
92
88
Trp
91
91
Tyr
97
93
Val
89
88
Ala = alanine; Arg = arginine; Asp = aspartic acid; Cys = cystine; Glu = glutamic acid; Gly = glycine; His = histidine; Ile = Isoleucine; Leu = leucine;
Lys = lysine; Met = methionine; Phe = phenylalanine; Pro = proline; Ser = serine; Thr = threonine; Trp = tryptophan; Tyr = tyrosine; Val = valine.
Table S14 Composition and source of animal products when calculating contents of
protein and amino acids in milk, bone-free meat, offal and blood (CVB, 2011; USDA,
2014)
Animal product
Based on
Reference
Milk
Bone-free meat
Milk
Steaks, lean1
Ground beef, lean
Cured beef1
Liver
Tongue
Heart
Kidney
Blood2
USDA no 01077
USDA no 13364
USDA no 23557
USDA no 13360
USDA no 13325
USDA no 13339
USDA no 23415
USDA no 23423
CVB blood meal
Offal
Blood
1 Available
2 Available
Proportion of product,
%
100
36
36
28
49
17
17
17
100
data on cooked meat multiplied by a factor of 0.8 to correct for cooking losses of water.
data on blood meal multiplied by a factor of 0.127 to correct for drying losses of water.
Table S15 Explanatory table1 showing annual crude protein and human-edible essential amino acid (EAA) inputs in feed
rations for dairy cows, including replacement heifer, outputs in the form of milk and meat (from the culled cow) and EAA
efficiency in the reference milk production system: R9000
Human-edible essential amino acids, kg
Crude
protein,
kg
% human
digestible
protein2
His
Ile
Leu
Lys
MetCys
PheTyr
Thr
Trp
Val
1194
31
7.46
9.27
17.01
11.21
9.98
18.63
9.09
3.07
12.35
Output
Milk
R9000
293
93
7.86
12.36
24.74
21.84
8.36
26.92
10.62
3.14
15.80
Bone-free
meat, offal,
blood
R9000
20
86
0.57
0.74
1.40
1.45
0.64
1.25
0.70
0.12
0.88
1.13
1.41
1.54
2.08
0.90
1.51
1.25
1.06
1.35
Item
Input
R9000
output/input
R9000
His = histidine; Ile = Isoleucine; Leu = leucine; Lys = lysine; MetCys = methionine + cystine; PheTyr = phenylalanine + tyrosine; Thr = threonine; Trp
= tryptophan; Val = valine.
1Calculations of EAA input were performed as: kg feed × (g CP/kg DM × g amino acid/kg CP × 10-6) × EAA digestibility %, all variables are found in
Tables S2, S10, S11. Likewise were the calculations of EAA output performed using variables found in Tables S12, S13 and in the original paper
Table 1. Beef production systems were calculated similarly using variables found in Tables S1, S3, S4, S5, S7, S10, S11, S12, S13.
2CAST (1999).
Table S16 Amino acid efficiency in different dairy production systems: Reference. R9000; Intensive maize and beans.
M11000; Intensive food industry by-products. F11000; Extensive. E7000. Ratio of output of individual human-digestible
amino acids in animal products/input of human-digestible amino acids in feeds. Values >1 indicate higher output than
input of digestible amino acids. Annual milk production. meat from culled cows and feed for rearing heifers included
System
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine + Cystine
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
R9000
0.50
0.53
1.17
1.15
0.51
1.13
1.41
1.54
2.08
0.90
1.51
1.76
1.28
1.25
1.06
1.35
M11000
0.63
0.47
1.14
1.40
0.62
1.35
1.48
1.63
1.87
1.32
1.79
2.34
1.35
1.39
1.49
1.60
F11000
0.54
0.47
1.23
0.97
0.46
1.06
1.27
1.32
1.95
0.79
1.48
1.38
1.13
1.11
0.97
1.27
E7000
0.95
0.96
2.48
2.27
0.90
2.15
2.56
2.77
3.26
1.53
2.93
3.26
2.39
2.08
2.03
2.59
Table S17 Amino acid efficiency in beef cattle from dairy cows in different production models in four systems. Ratio of
output of individual human-digestible amino acids in animal products/input of human-digestible amino acids in feeds.
Values >1 indicate higher output than input of digestible amino acids
Model name1
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine + Cystine
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
1
Reference
Intensive maize
Intensive forage
Extensive
R dairy bull I
M DxB bull I
F DxB bull I
E DxB
heifer
SG
0.39
0.34
0.28
0.15
0.40
0.36
0.30
0.29
0.59
0.21
0.22
0.15
0.21
0.30
0.15
0.26
0.44
0.28
0.25
0.17
0.42
0.35
0.31
0.31
0.48
0.25
0.26
0.19
0.22
0.31
0.17
0.29
0.52
0.36
0.31
0.20
0.50
0.43
0.37
0.37
0.62
0.29
0.30
0.21
0.26
0.38
0.20
0.34
0.88
0.50
0.42
0.38
0.86
0.67
0.58
0.59
0.78
0.61
0.53
0.44
0.43
0.60
0.38
0.57
E
E
E
DxB DxB DxB
heifer steer steer
WG SG WG
1.42 0.93 1.52
0.83 0.53 0.89
0.67 0.44 0.71
0.59 0.41 0.63
1.43 0.91 1.53
1.07 0.71 1.14
0.91 0.62 0.98
0.92 0.63 0.99
1.23 0.83 1.32
0.96 0.65 1.02
0.80 0.56 0.86
0.65 0.47 0.69
0.67 0.46 0.72
0.96 0.64 1.02
0.59 0.40 0.63
0.89 0.61 0.95
R = Reference; M = Intensive maize; F = Intensive forage; E = Extensive; D x B = dairy x beef crossbred; S = summer; W = winter (season of
birth); G = grazing; I = indoor.
Table S18 Amino acid efficiency in beef cattle from suckler production in different production models in four systems.
Ratio of output of individual human-digestible amino acids in animal products/input of human-digestible amino acids in
feeds. Values >1 indicate higher output than input of digestible amino acids. Inputs and outputs from culled parents are
included
Reference
Model name1
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine + Cystine
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
1
Intensive maize
R beef heifer G
R beef bull I
M beef heifer I
M beef bull I
10.52
8.06
7.29
3.57
9.99
9.15
7.78
7.48
16.03
5.09
5.73
3.63
5.29
7.91
3.78
6.75
0.91
0.70
0.63
0.31
0.87
0.79
0.67
0.65
1.39
0.44
0.50
0.32
0.46
0.69
0.33
0.59
1.10
0.71
0.64
0.44
1.04
0.91
0.80
0.80
1.29
0.63
0.66
0.48
0.56
0.80
0.44
0.74
1.11
0.77
0.69
0.41
1.05
0.94
0.81
0.79
1.45
0.59
0.64
0.43
0.56
0.82
0.42
0.73
R = Reference; M = Intensive maize; F = Intensive forage; E = Extensive; G = grazing; I = indoor.
Intensive
forage
F beef
bull I
1.48
1.13
1.02
0.50
1.40
1.28
1.09
1.05
2.25
0.72
0.80
0.51
0.74
1.11
0.53
0.95
Extensive
E
beef
heifer
G
22.19
17.01
15.37
7.54
21.07
19.31
16.41
15.79
33.83
10.75
12.09
7.66
11.15
16.69
7.98
14.24
E
beef
steer
G
26.93
20.65
18.66
9.15
25.58
23.43
19.92
19.16
41.05
13.04
14.67
9.30
13.53
20.25
9.68
17.28
Table S19 Sensitivity analysis for balance of net quantities of digestible amino acids in human-edible feeds and in
milk and meat per year in two dairy production systems. Feed consumption was originally included as a parameter.
but excluded since it showed the same results as feed digestibility. Values above zero indicate higher output than
input. i.e. higher quantity of a particular amino acid in food than in human-edible feed consumed by the animal
Model name1
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Cystine
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Valine
1 F11000
2Base
F11000
Base2
Feed digestibility
-9.46
-11.75
5.18
-5.14
-2.31
-8.66
0.62
3.36
7.73
13.78
2.22
3.33
9.25
1.91
1.34
-0.14
7.82
4.30
-10%
-7.39
-9.53
7.48
-4.42
4.75
-7.04
1.58
4.62
10.13
15.23
2.89
4.74
11.66
3.41
2.58
0.27
8.72
5.90
+10%
-11.54
-13.97
2.89
-5.86
-9.38
-10.27
-0.33
2.11
5.35
12.35
1.56
1.93
6.87
0.40
0.10
-0.55
6.93
2.71
E7000
Animal product
digestibility
-10%
+10%
-10.59
-8.33
-12.80
-11.34
2.36
7.35
-5.35
-4.94
-9.15
4.52
-9.41
-8.20
-0.40
1.09
1.77
4.96
4.56
9.15
10.95
15.06
1.33
2.62
1.59
3.93
5.92
9.68
0.21
3.60
-0.03
2.55
-0.53
0.26
6.13
8.38
2.28
6.33
Base2
-0.35
-0.30
10.67
-1.04
24.39
-0.49
3.47
6.17
12.92
12.47
3.45
6.83
14.79
6.29
4.54
1.29
7.57
7.93
Feed digestibility
-10%
0.39
0.39
11.39
-0.81
26.31
0.02
3.78
6.57
13.65
13.02
3.67
7.26
15.44
6.75
4.96
1.41
7.89
8.43
+10%
-1.10
-0.98
9.95
-1.27
22.47
-1.01
3.17
5.78
12.20
11.92
3.24
6.41
14.15
5.84
4.12
1.16
7.26
7.43
Animal product
digestibility
-10%
+10%
-1.06
0.35
-0.95
-0.05
8.88
12.04
-1.17
-0.91
20.03
28.75
-0.96
-0.22
2.82
3.76
5.16
7.19
10.90
13.81
10.67
13.26
2.89
3.70
5.72
7.20
12.65
15.05
5.21
7.37
3.67
5.31
1.03
1.54
6.49
7.92
6.64
9.22
= intensive dairy production based on food industry by-products; E7000 = extensive dairy production based on forage.
= balance of amino acid output – input in the original calculations.
Table S20 Sensitivity analysis for balance of net quantities of digestible amino acids in human-edible feeds and in
meat per year in two systems of beef production from dairy cows. Feed consumption was originally included as a
parameter. but excluded since it showed the same results as feed digestibility. Values above zero indicate higher
output than input. i.e. higher quantity of a particular amino acid in food than in human-edible feed consumed by the
animal
Model name1
2
Base
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Cystine
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Valine
1E
0.75
-0.57
-1.37
-0.37
-3.90
0.77
0.08
-0.16
-0.27
0.63
0.32
-0.39
-1.13
-0.74
-0.07
-0.19
-0.32
-0.24
E DxB heifer W G
Animal product
Feed digestibility
digestibility
-10%
+10%
-10%
+10%
0.93
0.58
0.50
1.01
-0.23
-0.90
-0.86
-0.29
-0.96
-1.77
-1.65
-1.10
-0.30
-0.44
-0.40
-0.34
-2.95
-4.86
-4.47
-3.34
0.95
0.60
0.51
1.02
0.21
-0.02
-0.05
0.21
0.03
-0.35
-0.33
0.01
0.09
-0.58
-0.60
0.05
0.90
0.40
0.30
0.96
0.39
0.26
0.22
0.42
-0.19
-0.57
-0.56
-0.23
-0.80
-1.38
-1.34
-0.92
-0.51
-0.96
-0.89
-0.59
0.10
-0.22
-0.22
0.09
-0.14
-0.24
-0.22
-0.16
-0.16
-0.45
-0.44
-0.19
-0.02
-0.47
-0.44
-0.05
F DxB bull I
2
Base
Feed digestibility
-2.65
-5.86
-7.05
-2.62
-26.54
-2.90
-2.00
-3.37
-6.53
-2.40
-1.21
-4.81
-9.30
-4.94
-2.98
-1.26
-3.17
-4.52
-10%
-2.09
-4.94
-6.03
-2.32
-23.23
-2.32
-1.65
-2.83
-5.50
-1.77
-0.97
-4.14
-8.13
-4.27
-2.50
-1.10
-2.70
-3.83
+10%
-3.21
-6.75
-8.06
-2.92
-29.85
-3.48
-2.34
-3.90
-7.52
-2.99
-1.43
-5.46
-10.41
-5.61
-3.45
-1.42
-3.60
-5.20
= Extensive; F = Intensive forage; D x B = dairy x beef crossbred; W = winterborn; G = Grazing; I = indoor.
= balance of amino acid output – input in the original calculations.
2Base
Animal product
digestibility
-10%
+10%
-2.94
-2.36
-6.18
-5.53
-7.37
-6.73
-2.66
-2.58
-27.19
-25.89
-3.20
-2.61
-2.16
-1.86
-3.57
-3.17
-6.91
-6.16
-2.79
-2.02
-1.32
-1.09
-5.00
-4.62
-9.54
-9.06
-5.12
-4.77
-3.16
-2.80
-1.29
-1.23
-3.31
-3.02
-4.75
-4.29
Table S21 Sensitivity analysis for balance of net quantities of digestible amino acids in human-edible feeds and in
meat per year in two systems of beef production from suckler cows. Feed consumption was originally included as a
parameter. but excluded since it showed the same results as feed digestibility. Values above zero indicate higher
output than input. i.e. higher quantity of a particular amino acid in food than in human-edible feed consumed by the
animal
Model name1
E beef heifer G
2
Base
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Cystine
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Valine
1E
3.44
3.82
3.66
0.36
7.01
3.47
1.76
2.30
4.36
4.62
1.35
2.14
2.62
1.97
2.08
0.34
1.67
2.65
Feed digestibility
-10%
3.46
3.85
3.69
0.37
7.11
3.49
1.77
2.32
4.39
4.63
1.36
2.16
2.66
1.99
2.09
0.35
1.69
2.67
+10%
3.43
3.80
3.64
0.35
6.90
3.45
1.75
2.29
4.33
4.61
1.35
2.12
2.58
1.96
2.07
0.34
1.66
2.63
Animal product
digestibility
-10%
+10%
3.08
3.81
3.42
4.22
3.27
4.05
0.31
0.40
6.20
7.81
3.11
3.83
1.58
1.94
2.06
2.55
3.89
4.82
4.14
5.09
1.21
1.50
1.90
2.37
2.32
2.92
1.76
2.19
1.86
2.30
0.30
0.38
1.49
1.85
2.37
2.93
= Extensive; M = Intensive maize; beef = beef breed; G = Grazing; I = indoor.
= balance of amino acid output – input in the original calculations.
2Base
M beef bull I
2
Base
Feed digestibility
0.41
-1.40
-2.01
-1.57
-13.19
0.21
-0.14
-0.65
-1.36
1.67
0.10
-1.79
-4.46
-1.91
-0.54
-0.60
-0.90
-1.19
-10%
0.78
-0.80
-1.36
-1.36
-10.95
0.60
0.09
-0.31
-0.70
2.05
0.25
-1.35
-3.67
-1.48
-0.24
-0.50
-0.61
-0.75
+10%
0.05
-2.00
-2.65
-1.78
-15.42
-0.18
-0.36
-0.99
-2.02
1.30
-0.05
-2.24
-5.25
-2.35
-0.85
-0.70
-1.20
-1.64
Animal product
digestibility
-10%
+10%
0.01
0.82
-1.86
-0.94
-2.45
-1.56
-1.62
-1.52
-14.10
-12.27
-0.20
0.62
-0.35
0.06
-0.93
-0.37
-1.89
-0.84
1.14
2.20
-0.06
0.26
-2.06
-1.53
-4.80
-4.12
-2.16
-1.67
-0.79
-0.29
-0.64
-0.56
-1.11
-0.70
-1.52
-0.88
References
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) 1999. Animal agriculture and global food supply. Task force report No. 135
July 1999. (ed. EG Bradford) Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
CVB Feed Table 2011. Chemical compositions and nutritional values of feed materials. (ed. C Veevoederbureau). PDV. Zoetermeer.
The Netherlands.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2014. National nutrient database for standard reference. release 27 (revised).
Retrieved on 5 May 2015 from http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/.