Download Phil 105 EXAM No. 2 Test Guide and All Material for Exam Dr

Phil 105 EXAM No. 2 Test Guide and All Material for Exam
Dr. Gayhart Spring 2016
1.
There will be about 30-40 questions that cover JUDAISM and ISLAM. Bring a Scanton 882
and pencil. 50% of Exam grade. Only terms and words on these pages may be found on the
exam.
2. Essay. 50% of Exam grade. One essay question for your Blank Blue Book. What is a
MUSLIM? If I want to become a Muslim this week, one do I need to do or believe? 2 pages
minimum for a C; 3 page minimum for a B; 3+ page minimum for an A
Exam Material
Judaism
Judaism is the faith of a Community
Jews believe that God appointed the Jews to be his chosen people in order to set an example of
holiness and ethical behavior to the world.
Jewish life is very much the life of a community and there are many activities that Jews must do as a
community. For example, the Jewish prayer book uses WE and OUR in
Who is a Jew?
Jews believe that a Jew is someone who is the child of a Jewish mother; although some groups also
accept children of Jewish fathers as Jewish. A Jew traditionally can't lose the technical 'status' of
being a Jew by adopting another faith, but they do lose the religious element of their Jewish identity.
Someone who isn't born a Jew can convert to Judaism, but it is not easy to do so.
According to traditional Jewish Law, a Jew is anyone born of a Jewish mother or converted to
Judaism in accordance with Jewish Law. American Reform Judaism and British Liberal Judaism
accept the child of one Jewish parent (father or mother) as Jewish if the parents raise the child with a
Jewish identity. All mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts, although
conversion has traditionally been discouraged since the time of the Talmud. The conversion process
is evaluated by an authority, and the convert is examined on his or her sincerity and knowledge.
Converts are given the name "ben Abraham" or "bat Abraham", (son or daughter of Abraham).
Traditional Judaism maintains that a Jew, whether by birth or conversion, is a Jew forever. Thus a
Jew who claims to be an atheist or converts to another religion is still considered by traditional
Judaism to be Jewish.
Jewish view of God--Summary of what Jews believe about God
•There is only one God. Jews are Monotheists. God’s name is YHWH which cannot be pronounced.
[Y e H o V a H is the Christian anagram inserting the vowels e,o,a]
•There are no other gods. Jews and Muslims agree on this rigidly. Jews forbid any representations of
God such as paintings or images. Muslims too.
•God can't be subdivided into different persons (unlike the Christian view of God which is the view
deplored by both Jews and Muslims)
•God is Transcendent: “above and beyond all earthly things”
•God doesn't have a physical body yet God has the qualities of being a “person”
•God is omnipresent: God is everywhere, all the time.
•God is omnipotent: God can do anything at all.
•God is beyond time: God has always existed. God will always exist.
•God exists and responds to God’s Creatures. God takes an avid interest in human affairs.
God is just, but God is also merciful
God punishes the bad—and sometimes we are called to be the Enforcers.
God rewards the good—if we remain obedient and faithful
God is forgiving towards those who strive but fail.
God is personal and accessible.
God is interested in each individual—God solicits our prayers
God sometimes speaks to individuals, but in unexpected ways
God is interested in ORDER: there are proper ways to worship God – rituals are meant to educate us
in God’s order.
Dietary laws: kashrut
 The Jewish dietary laws are known as kashrut. Food prepared in accordance with them is
termed kosher, and food that is not kosher is also known as treifah or treif. People who
observe these laws are colloquially said to be "keeping kosher".
 Many of the laws apply to animal-based foods. For example, in order to be considered kosher,
mammals must have split hooves and chew their cud. The pig is arguably the most well-known
example of a non-kosher animal. Although it has split hooves, it does not chew its cud. For
seafood to be kosher, the animal must have fins and scales. Certain types of seafood, such as
shellfish, crustaceans, and eels, are therefore considered non-kosher. Concerning birds, a list
of non-kosher species is given in the Torah. The exact translations of many of the species
have not survived, and some non-kosher birds' identities are no longer certain. However,
traditions exist about the kashrut status of a few birds. For example, both chickens and turkeys
are permitted in most communities. Other types of animals, such as amphibians, reptiles, and
most insects, are prohibited altogether.
 In addition to the requirement that the species be considered kosher, meat and poultry (but
not fish) must come from a healthy animal. Without the proper slaughtering practices even an
otherwise kosher animal will be rendered treif. The slaughtering process is intended to be
quick and relatively painless to the animal. Jewish law also forbids the consumption of meat
and dairy products together. The waiting period between eating meat and eating dairy varies
by the order in which they are consumed and by community, and can extend for up to six
hours. Based on the Biblical injunction against cooking a kid in its mother's milk, this rule is
mostly derived from the Oral Torah, the Talmud and Rabbinic law. Chicken and other kosher
birds are considered the same as meat under the laws of kashrut. The use of dishes, serving
utensils, and ovens may make food treif that would otherwise be kosher. Utensils that have
been used to prepare non-kosher food, or dishes that have held meat and are now used for
dairy products, render the food treif under certain conditions.
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Islam Basic Beliefs From Wikipedia Edited by Dr. Gayhart
The Five Pillars of Islam are five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the
foundation of Muslim life. They are:
1.Shahadah: declaring there is no god except God, and Muhammad is God's Messenger
2.Salat: ritual prayer five times a day
3.Zakat: giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor and needy
4.Sawm: fasting and self-control during the holy month of Ramadan
5.Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if one is able
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Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah)
and that Muhammad is God's messenger. "There is no god but God (and) Muhammad is the
messenger of God." It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam.
Salat is the Islamic prayer. Salat consists of five daily prayers-- the names are according to the
prayer times: dawn, noon, afternoon, evening), and night. All of these prayers are recited
while facing in the direction of the Kaaba. Muslims must wash before prayer --"purification."
The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including; bowing with hands on knees,
standing, prostrating and sitting in a special position (not on the heels, nor on the buttocks). A
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Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere, such as in offices, universities, and fields.
However, the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for
fellowship
Zakāt or alms-giving is the practice of charitable giving based on accumulated wealth. The
word zakāt can be defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve
balance and encourages new growth. The principle of knowing that all things belong to God is
essential to purification and growth. Zakāt is obligatory for all Muslims who are able to do so. It
is the personal responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic hardship of others and to
strive towards eliminating inequality. Zakāt consists of spending a portion of one's wealth for
the benefit of the poor or needy, like debtors or travelers. A Muslim may also donate more as
an act of voluntary charity, rather than to achieve additional divine reward.
Sawm: fasting Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan. Muslims
must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month, and are to be
especially mindful of other sins. Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached
puberty (unless he/she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him/her from doing
so).
The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God, to
express their gratitude to and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and to remind them of
the needy. During Ramadan, Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the
teachings of Islam by refraining from violence, anger, envy, greed, lust, profane language, gossip
and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better. In addition, all obscene and irreligious sights and
sounds are to be avoided.
Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory, but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very
dangerous and excessively problematic. These include pre-pubescent children, those with a medical
condition such as diabetes, elderly people, and pregnant or breastfeeding women. Observing fasts is
not permitted for menstruating women. Other individuals for whom it is considered acceptable not to
fast are those who are ill or traveling. Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward,
although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca The Hajj is a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. Every able-bodied
Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life. When the pilgrim is
around 10 km (6.2 mi) from Mecca, he/she must dress in special modest clothing, which consists
of two white sheets. Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca. After a
Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is known as a hajj/hajja (one who made the pilgrimage to
Mecca).
SUMMARY OF ISLAM
Prayers: The Muslim prayer is a combination of physical actions, verbal sayings, and an internal
feeling in the heart. Muslims are required to be in a state of calmness, serenity and humbleness
while performing their prayers. Once the prayer is started, a series of sayings and actions are
performed. The sayings include reciting parts of the holy Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, as well as
other sayings glorifying God and thanking Him for all of His blessings upon us. It also gives
Muslims the opportunity to ask God for anything they desire. This could include asking for help in
getting a job, passing an exam, having a child, asking God for forgiveness of sins or anything else.
Muslims are required to pray at least five times every day, and are encouraged to pray extra
prayers if they can. The required prayers have specific times that they are to be performed at.
These are dawn, noon, mid afternoon, sunset and at night.
Fasting: Fasting means to refrain from having all kinds of food, drink and sexual intercourse from
dawn to sunset. Muslims are required to fast during the month of Ramadan every year. Ramadan
is a month based on the lunar cycle, as opposed to the solar calendar used today by most people.
Therefore, the start and end of the month of Ramadan change each year according to the lunar
cycles. Ramadan can be either 29 or 30 days. Muslims are also encouraged to fast on other
optional days. It is viewed as a way to cleanse the soul of all worldly desires and devout oneself
completely to the obedience of God. It is also an opportunity for wealthy Muslims to experience life
without food and drink for a day, which is meant to remind them of the poor and encourage them
to have sympathy and to be generous in donating to help the poor and the needy.
Pilgrimage: Also known as the Hajj, the pilgrimage is a physical and spiritual journey that every
financially and physically able Muslim is expected to make at least once in their lifetime. Muslims
travel to the holy city of Makkah, located in what is known today as Saudi Arabia, to perform the
required rites of the pilgrimage. There, they are expected to spend their days in complete devotion
to worship and to asking God for forgiveness and for anything else they wish to ask for. They also
perform specific rituals, such as walking around the Kaaba, the black cube-shaped building
located in Makkah.
Charity: A very important aspect of Islam is giving charity to the poor. Muslims are required to
give certain percentages of any type of wealth that they have accumulated. For example, Muslims
must give 2.5% of the money they have saved each year. It is important to note that this is not
based on income, it is based on savings. A small portion of the money that is sitting in the bank
accounts of wealthy people and not helping anyone is used every year to help the poor. This
ensures some re-distribution of wealth among Muslims. Also, Muslims are strongly encouraged to
make charitable giving a habit. Most Muslims donate to charity on a weekly basis when they
attend Friday prayer services at the Islamic place of worship.
Purification: Before performing certain rituals, most importantly before prayers, Muslims are
expected to perform a form of purification. This involves washing the hands, face, arms and feet
with water. Since Muslims are required to pray at least five times every day at various times
throughout the day from dawn until the night, this ensures that Muslims maintain a high level of
hygiene.