Download cell metabolism

Výukový materiál MB 04 - 97
Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková
Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
CELL METABOLISM
2014
CELL METABOLISM
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in the cell 2 processes in progress at the same
time:
anabolism:
synthesis of more complicated substances
energy consumption
endergonic processes
catabolism:
fission of complex substances
releasing energy
exergonic processes
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
conversion of light energy into chemical
 process preserving the life on the Earth
 conversion of simple inorganic substances
(CO2 a H2O into organic - sugars) anabolism
 photosynthetic apparatus:
 chloroplasts
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
function of pigments:
 they absorb the light E – ionisation state >
they release energetically rich electrons
 basic pigments: chlorophylls a, b, c, d
 other pigments: carotenes, xanthophylls,
fycocyanin, fycoerytrin
 all the pigments hand over the energy of
chlorophyll a
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THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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1. primary process = light phase
it proceeds on the membrane of thylakoids
synthesis of ATP
formation of reduction agent - NADPH + H
photolysis of the water
2. secondary processes = dark phase
it proceeds in the stroma of chloroplasts
Calvin cycle
Fixation of CO2
protein Rubisco
ribulose - 1,5 biphosphate
glucose develops > starch
ENERGY RELEASE
energy contained in organic substances
must be released as ATP
 a part of energy released in the form
of the heat
 phosphorylation = synthesis of ATP
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ENERGY RELEASE
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breaking down energetically rich compounds
(sugars, fats) proceeds:
a) without the access of O2 > anaerobic glycolysis
it proceeds in the cytoplasm
a small gain = 2 ATP/1 molecule of glucose !!!!
b) with the use of O2 > oxidative phosphorylation
fixed on the membranes of mitochondria
much more advantageous gain of 36 molecules
ATP/1 molecule of glucose
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
evolutionary more original
 all cells are able to do
 glucose breaks down into pyroracemic
acid = pyruvate C3
 pyruvate transferred:
 a) ethanol – alcoholic fermentation
 b) lactic acid – lactic fermentation
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INAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
a very small gain - 2 ATP/ 1 molecule of
glucose
 it proceeds in the cytoplasm
 for lower organisms 2 ATP sufficient for life
 ATP originates entirely by the substrate
phosphorylation
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3 STAGES OF CELL RESPIRATION
1.
glycolysis
2.
Krebs cycle or cycle of citric acid
3.
electron – transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation
KREBS CYCLE
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or the cycle of citric acid
there originates:
CO2
electrons with a high energy content
it proceeds in mitochondria
process:
pyruvate (pyroracemic acid) broken down into
CO2
(decarboxylation) => formation of CO2 !!!
hydrogens taken away (dehydrogenation)
acetyl develops – CoA
ELECTRON – TRANSPORT CHAIN
AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
hydrogens taken away are oxidized in the
electron – transport chain respiratory chain
by the air oxygen into the water
 a large amount of energy releases =>
formation of ATP
 ATP develops by oxidative phosphorylation
 it proceeds in the inner membrane of
mitochondria
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TOTAL GAIN OF CELL RESPIRATION
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC REDUCTION - SCHEMA
pyroracemic acid
aerobic reduction
anaerobic reduction
acetyl coenzyme A
lactic fermentation
alcoholic fermentation
citrate cycle
+
respiratory
chain
CO2, H2O + energy
lactic acid
ethanol
WORKSHEET - COMPLETE
………………… acid
……robic reduction
…..erobic reduction
Acetyl coenzyme A
………… fermentation
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cycle
+
respiratory
chain
…………. fermentation
SOURCES
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